Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system caused due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons. It is classified under movement disorder as patients with PD present with tremor, rigidity, postural changes, and a decrease in spontaneous movements. Comorbidities including anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disorders are observed prior to the diagnosis of PD. Gene mutations, exposure to toxic substances, and aging are considered as the causative factors of PD even though its genesis is unknown. This paper reviews PD etiologies, progression, and in particular measurable indicators of PD such as neuroimaging and electrophysiology modalities. In addition to gene therapy, neuroprotective, pharmacological, and neural transplantation treatments, researchers are actively aiming at identifying biological markers of PD with the goal of early diagnosis. Neuroimaging modalities used together with advanced machine learning techniques offer a promising path for the early detection and intervention in PD patients.
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PMID:Parkinson's disease: Cause factors, measurable indicators, and early diagnosis. 3025 69

Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, is firstly defined after James Parkinson's report. It carries motor symptoms such as resting tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity of skeletal muscle and freezing of gait. Furthermore, non-motor symptoms such as cognitive and behavioral problems, besides sensory impairments are seen in the patients. However, they may also suffer from sleep disorders or autonomic dysfunction. Although there are some medications in order to symptomatic management, but unfortunately, scientist could not have found exact approaches to cure this disease. Hence, producing a model which can express the most pathophysiologic and behavioral aspects of the disease is a desire. In this paper, we aimed to describe the different models of Parkinson's disease in brief.
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PMID:In vivo, in vitro and pharmacologic models of Parkinson's disease. 3043 4

Objective: To investigate changes in brain function at the regional and whole-brain levels in patients with tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease (TDPD) complicated by sleep disorder (SD) by regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC) analysis of whole-brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance images. Materials and Methods: ReHo and seed-based FC analyses were conducted among 32 patients with TDPD and SD (TDPD-SD), 24 with TDPD and no SD (TDPD-NSD), and 23 healthy controls (HCs) to assess spontaneous brain activity and network-level brain function. Correlation analyses were used to examine the associations between brain activity and the clinical data. Results: Anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC) ReHo values differed significantly among the groups. ACC ReHo values were increased in TDPD-SD vs. HC and TDPD-SD vs. TDPD-NSD. ACC ReHo values were reduced in TDPD-NSD vs. HC. TDPD-SD ReHo values were positively correlated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores (r = 0.41, p = 0.020) but negatively correlated with Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) scores (r = -0.38, p = 0.030). FC analysis using ACC as a mask showed that FC of the left olfactory cortex (L-OC), right straight gyrus (R-SG), right superior parietal gyrus (R-SPG), and right precuneus differed significantly among the groups. FC values between R-SG and ACC were significantly lower in TDPD-SD than in TDPD-NSD, while the FC of L-OC and R-OC with ACC was significantly lower in TDPD-SD than in HC. FC between ACC and L-OC, R-SPG, and the right precuneus was lower in TDPD-NSD than in HC. There was no correlation between the FC values and other clinical data in any of the groups. Conclusion: Localized abnormal activity in TDPD-SD was chiefly triggered by ACC. The change in the ReHo of ACC is closely related to the severity of TDPD-associated SD, revealing the role of this region as a regulator of the sleep mechanism in TDPD. Significant abnormal FC was found between R-SG and ACC in TDPD-SD but was not shown to correlate with clinical data.
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PMID:Altered Intra- and Inter-regional Functional Connectivity of the Anterior Cingulate Gyrus in Patients With Tremor-Dominant Parkinson's Disease Complicated With Sleep Disorder. 3182 98

Background: There is a long history, beginning in the 1940s, of ablative neurosurgery on the pallidal efferent fibers to treat patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD). Since the early 1990s, we undertook a re-actualization of the approach to the subthalamic region, and proposed, on a histological basis, to target specifically the pallidothalamic tract at the level of Forel's field H1. This intervention, the pallidothalamic tractotomy (PTT), has been performed since 2011 using the MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) technique. A reappraisal of the histology of the pallidothalamic tract was combined recently with an optimization of our lesioning strategy using thermal dose control. Objective: This study was aimed at demonstrating the efficacy and risk profile of MRgFUS PTT against chronic therapy-resistant PD. Methods: This consecutive case series reflects our current treatment routine and was collected between 2017 and 2018. Fifty-two interventions in 47 patients were included. Fifteen patients received bilateral PTT. The median follow-up was 12 months. Results: The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) off-medication postoperative score was compared to the baseline on-medication score and revealed percentage reductions of the mean of 84% for tremor, 70% for rigidity, and 73% for distal hypobradykinesia, all values given for the treated side. Axial items (for voice, trunk and gait) were not significantly improved. PTT achieved 100% suppression of on-medication dyskinesias as well as reduction in pain (p < 0.001), dystonia (p < 0.001) and REM sleep disorders (p < 0.01). Reduction of the mean L-Dopa intake was 55%. Patients reported an 88% mean tremor relief and 82% mean global symptom relief on the operated side and 69% mean global symptom improvement for the whole body. There was no significant change of cognitive functions. The small group of bilateral PTTs at 1 year follow-up shows similar results as compared to unilateral PTTs but does not allow to draw firm conclusions at this point. Conclusion: MRgFUS PTT was shown to be a safe and effective intervention for PD patients, addressing all symptoms, with varying effectiveness. We discuss the need to integrate the preoperative state of the thalamocortical network as well as the psycho-emotional dimension.
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PMID:MRgFUS Pallidothalamic Tractotomy for Chronic Therapy-Resistant Parkinson's Disease in 51 Consecutive Patients: Single Center Experience. 3199 37

Sleep disorders are frequent in patients diagnosed with essential tremor (ET). The present review focuses on sleep disorders and the results of polysomnographic studies performed in patients with ET. For this purpose we performed a systematic review crossing the search term "essential tremor" with "sleep," "sleep disorders," "sleep disturbances" and "polysomnography," and with specific sleep disorders, according to the International Classification of the Sleep Disorders-Third Edition, using the PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science Databases. The most frequent sleep problems reported by patients with ET were the bad quality of sleep and excessive daytime somnolence (the latter could be related to drugs commonly used for the treatment of ET). Probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, coexistent restless legs syndrome, insomnia, and nocturia were not infrequent complaints, while the presence of other sleep disorders in patients with ET was restricted to anecdotal reports or not described. Meta-analyses of previous reports showed that patients with ET (according to the PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines) showed higher scores in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale than controls and lower scores than those of patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Studies using polysomnography in patients with ET are scarce and do not permit to establish valid conclusions regarding polysomnographic features in this disorder.
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PMID:Sleep disorders in essential tremor: systematic review and meta-analysis. 3216 85

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder with many symptoms responsive to treatment with dopamine agonists, anti-cholinergics and the dopamine precursor, levodopa. The cardinal features of PD include tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. There also are non-motor features that include sleep disorders, cognitive and affective dysfunction, hyposmia, pain and dysautonomia (constipation, bloating, orthostasis, urinary symptoms, sexual dysfunction, dysphagia). Among these non-motor features are signs and symptoms of visual system impairment that range from subtle examination findings to those causing severe disability. In this review we describe common PD-related abnormalities in the visual system, how they present, and potential treatments.
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PMID:Management of Visual Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. 3274 40

Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurological movement disorder resulting primarily from damage to and degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. The pathway consists of neural populations in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum of the brain where they release dopamine. Diagnosis of PD is based on the presence of impaired motor features such as asymmetric or unilateral resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity. Nonmotor features including cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, and autonomic dysfunction are also present. No cure for PD has been discovered, and treatment strategies focus on symptomatic management through restoration of dopaminergic activity. However, proposed cell replacement therapies are promising because midbrain dopaminergic neurons have been shown to restore dopaminergic neurotransmission and functionally rescue the dopamine-depleted striatum. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in PD and discuss the development of new therapeutic strategies that have led to the initiation of exploratory clinical trials. We focus on the applications of stem cells for the treatment of PD and discuss how stem cell research has contributed to an understanding of PD, predicted the efficacy of novel neuroprotective therapeutics, and highlighted what we believe to be the critical areas for future research.
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PMID:Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson Disease. 3313 27


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