Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Apomorphine, a potent dopamine agonist with mixed D1 and D2 properties, has long been recognized to have antiparkinsonian effect. Its oral administration is limited by both its hepatic first pass metabolism and adverse side effects (nausea, vomiting, azotemia). It is now widely used by subcutaneous route for the treatment of severe "off" periods seen with levodopa treatment. However, the use of penjects can be difficult in some patients with severe tremor or akineto-rigid symptoms during "off" periods. Our group has recently investigated the effect of sublingual administration of apomorphine in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease. Sublingual apomorphine was shown to reduce extrapyramidal symptoms. The main characteristics of the pharmacodynamic effects of sublingual apomorphine in parkinsonians and the relationship between pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects are discussed. Sublingual apomorphine has the advantage of being easier to administer than subcutaneous injection. For the moment, the long-term use of sublingual apomorphine is limited by two major problems: first, time for dissolution and switch "on" (which is longer than after subcutaneous route) and secondly, the occurrence of local side effects (stomatitis). Further clinical studies using either more efficient (tablets with faster dissolution) and better tolerated sublingual formulations or other dopamine agonists should be carried on before recommending this approach in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:Sublingual apomorphine: a new pharmacological approach in Parkinson's disease? 874 21

Headache makes one of the most common side effects of frequently pesticide application. This is to be taken care of in rural areas. Headaches have been reported with the use of ivermectin, ivermectin-diethylcarbamazine, organophosphates, and also with the fungicide maneb and copper sulfate, carbofuran, hexonal, dioxin, methomyl and its salts, as well as rare cases of poisoning with the fungicide combination of propineb and cymoxanil. Headache often occurs after long term work with pesticides and/or in laboratories. There are numerous symptoms accompanying headache in pesticide poisoning the most common being elevated body temperature, lassitude, dizziness, irritability, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, diarrhea, myalgia, pains in the arms and legs, sleepiness, pains in joints, irritation of eyes/face/skin, sweating. Much less common are respiratory disturbances, tachycardia, tachypnea and other cardiac distur bances, fall of blood pressure, gastrointestinal discomforts, constipation, poor appetite, significant decrease in leukocyte count, anemia, albuminuria, azotemia, fasciculations, miosis, blurred vision, memory disturbances and other neurologic disturbances, postural tremor, signs of cerebral function damage, bradykinesia, etc.
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PMID:[Headache caused by pesticides--a review of the literature]. 1871 90

Canine hypoadrenocorticism (HoAC) results from a loss of functional adrenal cortex, the most common etiology of which is an immune-mediated destruction leading to an inadequate production of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The term "atypical" HoAC is used for a subgroup of dogs with either an isolated glucocorticoid deficiency or a combined glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency but normal electrolytes. Dogs with HoAC can present with a large variety of clinical signs, ranging from shaking, weakness, and mild gastrointestinal signs to seizures, hypovolemic shock, and collapse. Routine clinicopathologic and diagnostic imaging findings are usually nonspecific and frequently mimic those of other common diseases. However, the absence of a stress leukogram, eosinophilia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and azotemia and small adrenal glands on abdominal ultrasound are characteristic findings in dogs with HoAC. The ACTH stimulation test is currently the gold standard method for diagnosing HoAC. Other endocrine laboratory diagnostics, including the quantification of endogenous ACTH, basal and ACTH-stimulated aldosterone levels, cortisol:ACTH ratio, and aldosterone:renin ratio, may further aid in differentiating between primary, secondary, and "atypical" HoAC. Aggressive intravenous fluid therapy is the cornerstone of treatment in paients with an acute Addisonian crisis because it restores normovolemia and normal blood electrolytes. Maintenance therapy consists of glucocorticoid (e.g., prednisolone) and mineralocorticoid (e.g., des- oxycortone pivalate) supplementation and aims for stable electrolyte concentrations and a clinically well dog. The optimal dose of desoxy- cortone pivalate for a specific dog is determined based on blood so- dium and potassium concentrations by using a standardized protocol. Regular reevaluation of blood electrolytes is required for early identifi- cation of a mineralocorticoid deficiency in dogs with "atypical" HoAC. The long-term prognosis for dogs with HoAC is excellent provided that patients receive adequate treatment and there is good owner com- pliance.
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PMID:[Canine hypoadrenocorticism - an update on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment]. 2989 78

Movement disorders often emerge from the interplay of complex pathophysiological processes involving the kidneys and the nervous system. Tremor, myoclonus, ataxia, chorea, and parkinsonism can occur in the context of renal dysfunction (azotemia and electrolyte abnormalities) or they can be part of complications of its management (dialysis and renal transplantation). On the other hand, myoglobinuria from rhabdomyolysis in status dystonicus and certain drugs used in the management of movement disorders can cause nephrotoxicity. Distinct from these well-recognized associations, it is important to appreciate that there are several inherited and acquired disorders in which movement abnormalities do not occur as a consequence of renal dysfunction or vice versa but are manifestations of common pathophysiological processes affecting the nervous system and the kidneys. These disorders are the emphasis of this review. Increasing awareness of these conditions among neurologists may help them to identify renal involvement earlier, take timely intervention by anticipating complications and focus on therapies targeting common mechanisms in addition to symptomatic management of movement disorders. Recognition of renal impairment in a patient with complex neurological presentation may narrow down the differentials and aid in reaching a definite diagnosis.
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PMID:Movement Disorders and Renal Diseases. 3304 74