Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We evaluate three cases of acute hemiplegia in childhood complicated by tremor and/or choreoathetosis. Each patient experienced the abrupt onset of hemiplegia thought to be localized to an insult involving the middle cerebral distribution without associated seizure, trauma, loss of consciousness or demonstrable cardiac, hematological or neoplastic causes. All three patients recovered most, if not all, strength on the affected side, but each was left with a disorder of movement involving the previously hemiplegic upper extremity. These disorders included resting and intention tremors, as well as choreoathetosis. Anticholinergic drugs failed in treating two patients, but biofeedback techniques were quite successful in one of the two patients so treated.
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PMID:Movement disorders as a complication of acute hemiplegia of childhood. 90 77

Two patients with paroxysmal attacks of "no-no" direction head tremor and mild torticollis are described. One of them had the characteristic features of paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis and responded well to clonazepam.
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PMID:Paroxysmal dystonic head tremor. 200 30

Actual phenomena of various types of involuntary movements listed below were demonstrated by moving pictures, which were followed by comments on symptomatology, in particular the fundamental characteristics of an individual involuntary movement. These characteristics are the essence of each involuntary movement, and it is necessary to recognize both its phenomenon itself and its accumulated knowledge in order to realize and interpret the involuntary movement. The following involuntary movements are treated: (1) typical tremor-at-rest in paralysis agitans, (2) atypical parkinsonian tremor, (3) essential tremor, (4) chorea, (5) ballism, (6) athetosis, (7) choreoathetosis, (8) dystonia, (9) spontaneous myoclonus at rest, (10) intention or action myoclonus, (11) intention tremor and (12) hyperkinesis.
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PMID:[Symptomatology of the involuntary movement]. 201 97

A large family with paroxysmal ataxia and continuous myokymic discharges is described. The disorder is of autosomal dominant inheritance. During attacks coordination of movements and balance are disturbed; often a postural tremor of the head and the hands and fine twitching in some of the facial and hand muscles are present. The attacks usually last a few minutes and may occur several times per day. They first appear in childhood and tend to abate after early adulthood. The attacks are frequently precipitated by kinesigenic stimuli similar to those in paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis. Their occurrence can be reduced or prevented by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Between attacks a slight postural tremor and ataxia was found in a few of the elderly affected members. Fine rippling myokymia was obvious in a few and could be detected on close inspection in about half of the adults. Electromyography (EMG) showed myokymic discharges in all affected members. The characteristics and reactivity of this myokymic activity suggest multiple impulse generation in the peripheral nerves.
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PMID:Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic ataxia and continuous myokymia. 224 1

Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) is a hereditary disease in which metabolic disorder of copper leads to its accumulation in the liver, brain, cornea and kidneys with consequent pathologic changes in those organs. Hereditary mechanism of the disease is autosomal recessive with prevalence of 30-100 per 1,000,000 inhabitants. Etiology of this disease is not yet explained. There are two hypotheses. The first one is that it is the disorder of ceruloplasmine metabolism caused by insufficient synthesis of normal ceruloplasmine, or synthesis of functionally abnormal ceruloplasmine. The second one is: the block of copper biliar excretion which is the consequence of the liver lysosomes functional defect. Pathogenetic mechanism of disease is firstly long-term accumulation of copper in the liver, and later, when the liver depo is full, its releasing in circulation and accumulation in the brain, cornea, kidneys and bones, which causes adequate pathologic changes. Toxic activity of copper is the consequence of its activity on enzymes, particularly on those with -SH group. There are two basic clinical forms of the disease: liver disease or neurologic disease. Before puberty the liver damage is more frequent, while in adolescents and young adults neurologic form of the disease is usual. The liver disease is nonspecific and characterized by symptoms of cirrhosis and chronic aggressive hepatitis. The only specificity is hemolytic anemia which, in combination with previous symptoms, is important for diagnosis of the disease. Neurologic symptoms are the most frequent consequence of pathologic changes in the basal ganglia. In our patients the most frequent symptoms were tremor (63%); dysarthria, choreoathetosis and rigor (38%); ataxia and mental disorders (31%); dysphagia and dystonia (12%), diplopia, hypersalivation, nystagmus and Babinski's sign (6%). Among pathologic changes in other tissues and organs the most important is the finding of Kayser-Fleischer ring in the cornea as a result of copper accumulation. Its importance for precise diagnosis is great. The diagnosis of the disease is based on anamnesis, clinical examination, specific and nonspecific laboratory tests. The therapy of choice is penicillamine. If we use it early, the result will be good remission in the majority of patients. Late diagnosis or delay in treatment cause death which is the result of bleeding from esophageal varices or basal ganglia disease. Immunologic damages caused by penicillamine demand interruption of therapy and substitution by three-ethyl-tetra-amine (TETA). We also use zinc salts and tetratiomolibdate in therapy of this disease. Pathogenesis, clinical picture and therapy of the disease are based on our own results.
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PMID:[Hepatolenticular degeneration]. 226 49

Ten-day-old NMRI mice were given deltamethrin, bioallethrin, or the vehicle once daily for 7 days. The doses used were as follows: deltamethrin, 0.71 and 1.2 mg/kg body wt; bioallethrin, 0.72 and 72 mg/kg body wt; and 20% fat emulsion vehicle, 10 ml/kg body wt. The mice were killed 24 hr after the last administration, and crude synaptosomal fractions (P2) were prepared from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The densities of the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors were assayed by measuring the amounts of quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) and [3H]nicotine, respectively, specifically bound in the P2 fraction. The proportions of high- and low-affinity binding sites of the muscarinic receptors were assayed in a displacement study using [3H]QNB/carbachol. The two types of pyrethroids affected the cholinergic system in the neonatal mouse brain in two different ways. At the lower dose, which did not cause any neurotoxic symptoms, both pyrethroid types affected the muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex. Here deltamethrin caused an increase and decrease in the percentage of high- and low-affinity binding sites, respectively, whereas the reverse was observed after bioallethrin treatment. Deltamethrin treatment also caused an increase in the density of nicotinic receptors in the cerebral cortex. The higher doses revealed typical symptoms of pyrethroid poisoning, such as choreoathetosis and tremor for deltamethrin and bioallethrin, respectively. The symptoms declined gradually during each successive day of administration and had disappeared by Day 4. At this dose deltamethrin affected the muscarinic receptors in the hippocampus and the nicotinic receptors in the cerebral cortex, whereas bioallethrin had no apparent effect. This study further supports that the cholinergic system under rapid development in the neonatal mouse is sensitive to xenobiotics.
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PMID:Effects of two pyrethroids, bioallethrin and deltamethrin, on subpopulations of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in the neonatal mouse brain. 231 14

Eight different synthetic pyrethroids were examined to determine their effects on the excitability of hippocampal granule cells in urethane-anesthetized rats. A paired stimulus approach was used. All eight prolonged the depression of granule cell excitability that follows stimulation of their major synaptic input, the perforant path. The magnitude of this effect depended upon the class to which the pyrethroid belonged. Type I pyrethroids (those primarily producing tremor) prolonged the depression of granule cell excitability for shorter periods than did type II pyrethroids (those primarily producing salivation and choreoathetosis) or pyrethroids producing a mixed type of intoxication. No overlap was found between groups. To determine whether the difference observed between type I and type II pyrethroids was the result of an infelicitous selection of doses, cismethrin (type I) was tested over a dose range of 1.5-24 times the conscious rat iv LD50. Even at the highest dose, the prolongation remained well below that produced by type II pyrethroids. The effect of deltamethrin was shown to be consistent with the production or potentiation of a surmountable inhibitory response. This action of deltamethrin was antagonizable by mephenesin and lidocaine, but not by picrotoxin or halothane. The type of effect, its time course, and the antagonism data suggest that type II pyrethroids enhance inhibition in the dentate gyrus. This action does not appear to be mediated by GABAA receptors.
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PMID:Characteristics of the prolonged inhibition produced by a range of pyrethroids in the rat hippocampus. 233 24

The neurotoxic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, induces a severe motor syndrome characterised by tremor and choreoathetosis when injected systemically to rats. The interaction between deltamethrin and the two major dopaminergic pathways - the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways - was investigated in rats. Striatal catecholamines, indoleamines and metabolites were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Unilateral injection of deltamethrin (1.0 microgram) into the ventral tegmental nucleus or substantia nigra induced rapid ipsilateral or contralateral circling respectively but was ineffective at other basal ganglia sites. Both the sham and vehicle injections at either site, resulted in a marked increase above normal in DA turnover in the ipsilateral striatum without inducing circling behaviour. DA turnover was increased to the same extent in the ipsilateral stratum of deltamethrin-treated rats where rapid circling was present. Therefore the neurochemical findings were not consistent with the rotation theories based on striatal DA asymmetry but rather followed alternative mechanisms previously proposed, where circling behaviour can occur by mechanisms not causally related to striatal DA. These findings also indicate that a degree of selectivity exists in the action of deltamethrin, a sodium channel toxin that might be expected to act on all neuronal systems within the SN or VTN or equally at other sites within the basal ganglia associated with circling behaviour.
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PMID:Dissociation between circling behaviour and striatal dopamine activity following unilateral deltamethrin administration to rats. 241 69

Movement disorders are well-known presenting signs of metabolic disorders. Focal motor abnormalities may be the chief initial presentation of diabetes mellitus in the nonketotic hyperglycemic state in 6% of patients. Nonketotic hyperglycemia (NKH), in particular, may manifest any of a wide variety of movement disorders. These have been described as focal seizures, epilepsia partialis continua, myoclonus, and opsoclonia. There are descriptions of movement disorders in hyperglycemia that are similar to the coarse flapping tremor of asterixis, the posturing of paroxysmal kinetogenic choreoathetosis, and of "fencing (stance) seizures." Disorders of facial motor function including aphasia, facial muscle twitching and jerking, and disorders of muscular tone have been described. These may include hemiparesis and hemiplegias as well as increased tone, in some cases mimicking the nuchal rigidity of meningitis. The movement disorders in NKH may mimic cerebral vascular accidents, meningitis, or psychiatric disorders, as well as various types of seizures. Clinicians may be able to avoid expensive and time-consuming diagnostic evaluations to rule out NKH in patients with movement disorders. We present two patients with focal motor abnormalities associated with nonketonic hyperglycemia and review the pertinent literature.
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PMID:Movement disorders as a manifestation of nonketotic hyperglycemia. 260 Mar 93

A 24-year-old man presented with dystonia, dementia, amyotrophy, choreoathetosis, and ataxia. Partial hexosaminidase A deficiency was documented in serum and leukocytes and confirmed by rectal biopsy with ganglion cells containing membranous cytoplasmic bodies. A brief review of the literature reveals that tremor, dystonia and choreoathetosis are common but neglected symptoms associated with chronic GM2 gangliosidosis.
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PMID:Movement disorders associated with chronic GM2 gangliosidosis. Case report and review of the literature. 308 50


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