Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The investigational use of prostaglandins to establish a safe, alternative method for the termination of pregnancy has shown significant development in the United States. The introduction of second generation compounds was initiated by chemically attaching a methyl group in the 15 carbon position of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha. These compounds prevented enzymatic degradation by the enzyme prostaglandin 15 dehydrogenase. (15S)-15 methyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester administered by intramuscular injection has been used successfully to therapeutically terminate pregnancy in 208 women of gestational age six through 20 weeks. Side effects, not major and considered acceptable by the investigator, were vomiting, diarrhea and temperature elevations associated with shaking and chills. (15S)-15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (THAM), administered by intramuscular injection, has been used to terminate pregnancy in 283 women. Efficacy rates under optimal dosage regimens have reached 100% with a complete abortion rate of 96%. Gastrointestinal side effects of vomiting and diarrhea occurred, but temperature elevations with associated shaking and chills were infrequent. The mean time from initial therapy to abortion with both compounds has remained under 16 hours. A route of drug therapy for therapeutic termination of human pregnancy has been explored and developed which avoids invasion of the uterus.
 ...
PMID:The termination of human pregnancy with prostaglandin analogs. 121 55

We have identified three examples of female Wistar rats exhibiting the tremor and seizures characteristic of the X-linked myelin deficiency (md) mutation, which is ordinarily seen only in males. Cytogenetic study of two of these animals has shown them to have 41 chromosomes instead of the normal 42. The missing chromosome was identified as an X chromosome by G-banding analysis. These animals thus have an XO genotype comparable to that in Turner's syndrome. Anatomically, one of the animals, which was studied in detail, showed no abnormality of the uterus, and the ovaries, although somewhat smaller than normal, were histologically indistinguishable from those in a normal female rat. No evidence of endocardial fibroelastosis was detected, nor was there any anomaly of the aorta. The myelin deficiency in the central nervous system was comparable to that in hemizygous mutant male rats. XO monosomy in the Wistar rat thus has little effect on phenotype and is more comparable to that in mice than to Turner's syndrome in man. The myelin-deficient rat is useful for studies of X-chromosome monosomy since XO females can readily be identified by the neurological syndrome characteristic of the md mutation.
 ...
PMID:X-chromosome monosomy in the myelin-deficient rat mutant. 232 8

The mycotoxins cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and ergotamine, and the neurotransmitter serotonin all have the beta-aminoethylindole moiety in common. These compounds enhanced the peristaltic movements of the jejunum, ileum and estrous uterus and produced broncho-constriction in vitro. Atropine and cyproheptadine were able to counter the CPA-induced peristaltic movements of the ileum and jejunum. L-epinephrine was able to stop the contractions induced by CPA on both estrous and pregnant rat uteri. Unlike chlorpromazine, CPA did not block the inotropic effects of dopamine, epinephrine and serotonin in vas deferens. This indicated that the previously reported toxic effects of CPA (hypothermia, catalepsy, hypokinesia, tremor) which resembled the effects of anti-psychotic drugs (chlorpromazine, reserpine) probably were not due to the blocking of the neurotransmitter-receptors. In contrast to ergotamine, which decreased the inotropic effects of serotonin on the uterus, CPA had no anti-serotonin effects. The uterotonic effect of CPA (similar to that of ergotamine) suggested that CPA also might have an adverse effect on the reproductive function of humans and animals consuming CPA-contaminated foods.
 ...
PMID:Effects of cyclopiazonic acid on the contractility of organs with smooth muscles, and on frog ventricles. 348 54

Advocates of the so-called "free hand technique" in amniocentesis argue against permanent sonographic control as follows: "Free hand technique" is the only method enabling vertical guiding of the puncture needle between abdominal wall and amniotic cavity, and hence to cover the shortest distance with the lowest risk of traumatisation. "Free hand technique" is the only method permitting sensitive guiding of the needle in amniocentesis, since the puncturing doctor can use both hands without requiring one hand for sonographic examination. Amniocentesis under permanent sonographic control is claimed to raise serious problems in guaranteeing the necessary sterility. The authors present a modification of the puncture method with permanent sonographic control. This does away with all of the above arguments against permanent sonographic control, whereas all of its obvious advantages are retained (greater safety, less risk of injury). The method employs a fixation scaffolding and an aiming groove for routine sector scanning (Figures 1 and 2). The entire system is covered in a sterile manner by a pasted-on foil sheeting after having introduced the sonographic contact gel. The only contact medium for the skin is a disinfecting agent enabling satisfactory imaging (Figure 4). This method offers the following advantages over the methods using conventional puncture soundheads: Better possibility of disinfection. No rigid guiding of needle, and hence correction can be effected even during puncture. Adjacent levels can be observed by free displacement of scanner and needle. Modifiable puncture angle in respect of skin and uterus. The fixation scaffolding does away with the need for an assistant, and enables tremor-free fixation of the scanner during puncture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Amniocentesis under permanent ultrasonic control--advantages of a special procedure]. 390 91

The effect of Thymomodulin-TFX on pentetrazole convulsions, tremorine-induced tremor, pain response to intraperitoneal acetic acid injection, hexobarbital sleeping time, isolated guinea pig ileum, isolated rat uterus, rabbit skeletal muscle response, diuresis and corneal response was tested. In addition the effect of TFX on reproduction of albino rats was investigated. In doses up to 20 mg/kg, 8 times higher than clinical doses, TFX did not reveal any unwanted effects. The results of tests widen the security margin for TFX's usage.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacological properties of the extract of thymus gland (Thymomodulin-TFX) and its effect on reproduction. 806 58

Cryopreservation enables banking of embryos for future use in medicine and in animal breeding. It also enables protection of germ plasm of endangered species and unique strains or lanes of laboratory animals. This paper describes an example of employing a vitrification method for banking of embryos of a unique lane of rabbit. The paralytic tremor (pt) rabbit is an X-linked recessive mutant lane of the Chinchilla breed characterized by hypomyelination of the central nervous system. In order to obtain a sufficient number of embryos, pt females were subjected to superovulation and surgical embryo collection. All suitable embryos were vitrified in 0.25 mL insemination straws in a modified EFS vitrification solution comprised of ethylene glycol (40%), Ficoll 70 (18%) and sucrose (0.3 M) in Hepes buffered TCM medium containing 20% fetal calf serum. In order to assess the efficiency of the vitrification procedure, a representative portion of vitrified embryos was warmed after a period of storage. Warmed embryos were subjected to in vitro culture for 72 h or were transferred to the uterus of synchronized recipients. The majority of the 141 warmed embryos survived vitrification and 100/141 (71%) developed to the blastocyst stage. Moreover, out of an additional 34 warmed embryos transferred to four recipients, eight (23.5%) developed to term and seven live pups were born. Six of the rabbit pups exhibited paralytic tremor symptoms typical for the pt lane. Although the overall efficiency of the vitrification method was lower compared with the effects usually achieved for 'healthy' embryos, results presented confirm the real possibility of the future restoration of the colony of pt rabbit, if sufficient number of embryos are cryopreserved.
 ...
PMID:Banking of embryos of mutated, paralytic tremor rabbit by means of vitrification. 1600 87

Pregnant rats were given 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) by gavage at 0, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg bw/day on days 6-19 of pregnancy and the pregnancy outcome was determined on day 20 of pregnancy. At 40 mg/kg bw/day, deaths were observed in four out of 24 females. The incidences of females showing mydriasis at 20 and 40 mg/kg bw/day and showing decreased locomotor activity at 40 mg/kg bw/day were significantly increased. Alopecia, bradypnea, prone position and tremor were also observed at mg/kg bw/day. The maternal body weight gain at 20 and 40 mg/kg bw/day and food consumption at 40 mg/kg bw/day were significantly reduced. A significantly decreased weight of the gravid uterus, increased incidence of postimplantation loss, decreased number of live fetuses, and lowered weights of fetuses and placentae were found at 40 mg/kg bw/day. The incidences of the total number of fetuses with external malformations at 40 mg/kg bw/day and with skeletal malformations at 20 and 40 mg/kg bw/day were significantly increased. Significantly higher incidences of fetuses with brachydactyly and short tail and defects of caudal vertebrae, phalanges and metacarpals were observed at 40 mg/kg bw/day. Delayed ossification was also noted at 40 mg/kg bw/day. The data indicate that DTG is teratogenic at maternal toxic doses and the NOAELs of DTG for maternal and developmental toxicity are 10 mg/kg bw/day in rats.
 ...
PMID:Prenatal developmental toxicity study of the basic rubber accelerator, 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine, in rats. 1680 6

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is an important cause of intractable epilepsy. Previous rat studies have utilized freeze lesioning of neonatal animals to model FCD; however, such models are unable to demonstrate spontaneous seizures without seizure-provoking events. Therefore, we created an animal model with multiple FCD, produced during embryonic development, and observed whether spontaneous seizures occurred. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between FCD and epileptogenesis using immunohistochemistry. At 18 days postconception, a frozen metal probe was placed bilaterally on the scalps of Sprague-Dawley rat embryos through the uterus wall to produce multiple FCD. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and video recording were performed from postnatal day (P) 35 to P77. Brain tissues were examined immunohistochemically at P28 and P78 using semiquantitative densitometry. Eleven of 16 rats (68.8%) showed spontaneous seizures arising in the hippocampus from P47. Movement cessation followed by sniffing and mastication, culminating in wet-dog shaking, was seen during the hippocampal EEG discharges. FCD was observed in the bilateral frontoparietal lobes. The expression levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits 1, 2A, 2B, the glutamate/aspartate transporter and the glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) at FCD sites were increased at P28 and P78. There were no major histological abnormalities in the hippocampi compared with those in the cortex. However, the expression levels of NMDAR 2A and 2B were increased at P28. Levels of NMDAR1, 2A and 2B, the glutamate/aspartate transporter and GLT1 were also increased at P78. We created an animal model showing spontaneous seizures without a provoking event except for the existence of cortical dysplasia, and without a genetic or general systematic cause like MAM injection or irradiation. The seizures resembled human temporal lobe epilepsy both clinically and on EEG. Alterations in the levels of glutamatergic and GABAergic receptors were investigated during growth. This model should enable better clarification of the mechanisms underlying the development of human epilepsy.
 ...
PMID:Spontaneous seizures in a rat model of multiple prenatal freeze lesioning. 2363 21

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is an important cause of intractable epilepsy. Previous rat studies have utilized freeze lesioning of neonatal animals to model FCD; however, such models are unable to demonstrate spontaneous seizures without seizure-provoking events. Therefore, we created an animal model with multiple FCD, produced during embryonic development, and observed whether spontaneous seizures occurred. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between FCD and epileptogenesis using immunohistochemistry. At 18 days postconception, a frozen metal probe was placed bilaterally on the scalps of Sprague-Dawley rat embryos through the uterus wall to produce multiple FCD. Eleven of 16 rats showed spontaneous seizures arising in the hippocampus from postnatal day47. Movement cessation followed by sniffing and mastication, culminating in wet-dog shaking, was seen during the hippocampal EEG discharges. Alterations in the levels of glutamatergic and GABA-ergic receptors were investigated during growth. We created an animal model showing spontaneous seizures without a provoking event except for the existence of cortical dysplasia, and without a genetic or general systematic cause like MAM injection or irradiation. The seizures resembled human temporal lobe epilepsy both clinically and on EEG. This model should enable better clarification of the mechanisms underlying the development of human epilepsy.
...
PMID:[Spontaneous seizures in a rat models of multiple prenatal lesioning]. 2567 28

Spatially ordered embryo-like structures self-assembled from blastocyst-derived stem cells can be generated to mimic embryogenesis in vitro. However, the assembly system and developmental potential of such structures needs to be further studied. Here, we devise a nonadherent-suspension-shaking system to generate self-assembled embryo-like structures (ETX-embryoids) using mouse embryonic, trophoblast and extra-embryonic endoderm stem cells. When cultured together, the three cell types aggregate and sort into lineage-specific compartments. Signaling among these compartments results in molecular and morphogenic events that closely mimic those observed in wild-type embryos. These ETX-embryoids exhibit lumenogenesis, asymmetric patterns of gene expression for markers of mesoderm and primordial germ cell precursors, and formation of anterior visceral endoderm-like tissues. After transplantation into the pseudopregnant mouse uterus, ETX-embryoids efficiently initiate implantation and trigger the formation of decidual tissues. The ability of the three cell types to self-assemble into an embryo-like structure in vitro provides a powerful model system for studying embryogenesis.
 ...
PMID:Implantation initiation of self-assembled embryo-like structures generated using three types of mouse blastocyst-derived stem cells. 3070 Jul 2


1