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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of the floating eye model in the organization of situating and producing eye micromovements was studied. There is presented a hydromechanical model of orthophoria of latent and obvious squint. It is shown that the multiformity of obvious squint depends on the variety of combinations of nonuniform forces in the right eye aparting from the left one, which is the result of nonuniform deviations of both eyes from the norm, and heterophoria is the result of combinations of uniform forces aparting and of analogous deviations of both eyes form. It is shown that the concomittant squint is caused by the existence of different polar heterophoria at both eyes, and their multiformity is the result of their various combinations. The essential necessity of the eye floating for the organization of micromovements--eye tremor and drift is established. It is shown that the eye tremor which takes place under incomplete tetanus of the musole is possible only at optimal equilibrium of the eye and absence of friction they both are at floating. The non-muscle moving character of the eye drift is revealed. It proceeds under the influence of hydromechanical forces of aparting and nonequilibrated gravity of the cornea as a result of weakening of the eye movement muscle under fixation. The cause of the optic, axis divergence (OA) with optic line (OL) and the necessity with it of postnatal development of the eye dioptrics under active influence of the motor apparatus was discovered. Physiology of the eye floating, new conclusions and a hypothesis concerning the model are discussed.
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PMID:[Functional significance of a floating eye model]. 276 74

In 1549, Jason Pratensis published De Cerebri Morbis...(DCM), the first separate book on the general subject of neurologic disease. The publication of DCM reflected two trends in 16th century medicine: (1) interest in the anatomy and function of specific organs, and (2) retranslation of the works of Galen, who emphasized the primacy of the brain in behavioral and motor functions. Brain diseases in DCM were classified in terms of symptom complexes. Some of the 33 chapters discuss tremor, tetanus, vertigo, epilepsy, and hemicrania. Concepts of diseases, and their pathogenesis and treatment, reflected the writings of Greek, Roman, and Arabic authors, as well as newer concepts of astrology and pharmacy that were prevalent during the Renaissance. There were few new bedside or clinical observations in DCM. However, DCM is an important text, crystallizing several 16th century trends to provide the first compendium of brain disorders.
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PMID:The first neurology book. De Cerebri Morbis...(1549) by Jason Pratensis. 327 2

Impaired glycinergic inhibition causes human hyperekplexia, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of movement disorders associated with uremia, spinal cord lesions, DDT poisoning, and tetanus. Three autosomal recessive mutant mouse strains with single-gene mutations affecting either the alpha 1 (spasmodic and oscillator) or beta (spastic) subunits of the glycine receptor were studied. Serial videotaped examinations assessed the severity of hyperkinetic features. Homozygote oscillator mice appeared normal until postnatal day (P) 11-14, when decreased exploratory movements, spastic gait, stimulus-induced myoclonic bouts, rigidity, and tremor were noticeable. All symptoms gradually worsened until death by P21-P23. In contrast, spastic and spasmodic mice were most severely affected by the 3rd-5th week of life and had a lessening of symptom severity in adulthood. Within each mutant strain, there was marked interanimal variation of severity of the other motor abnormalities, possibly because of stochastic variability in developmental processes. These mutants represent good animal models for elucidation of molecular and cellular issues regarding the glycine receptor and for the study of pathogenetic mechanisms of movement disorders.
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PMID:Phenotypic heterogeneity and disease course in three murine strains with mutations in genes encoding for alpha 1 and beta glycine receptor subunits. 908 81

The Pregnancy Road (El Camino del Embarazo) is the title of a board game aimed at showing players the healthiest and safest way through pregnancy. The game is in Spanish and has been published by the Latin American Center of Perinatology and Human Development (CLAP) in Montevideo, Uruguay. Players of El Camino del Embarazo move through a 40-week pregnancy week by week by shaking dice and picking up information cards according to the squares they land on. The game is intended to be both entertaining and educational. El Camino del Embarazo deals with issues such as regular prenatal checks, consulting the health center in case of problems, keeping a pregnancy record, vaccination against tetanus, eating varied and sufficient food, personal hygiene, sexual relations during pregnancy and the need to abstain from tobacco, alcohol and nonprescribed drugs.
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PMID:Latin American pregnancy game teaches health messages. 1231 25

The largest central synapse in adult Drosophila is a mixed electro-chemical synapse whose gap junctions require the product of the shaking-B (shak-B) gene. Shak-B(2) mutant flies lack gap junctions at this synapse, which is between the giant fibre (GF) and the tergotrochanteral motor neuron (TTMn), but it still exhibits a long latency response upon GF stimulation. We have targeted the expression of the light chain of tetanus toxin to the GF, to block chemical transmission, in shak-B(2) flies. The long latency response in the tergotrochanteral muscle (TTM) was abolished indicating that the chemical component of the synapse mediates this response. Attenuation of GAL4-mediated labelling by a cha-GAL80 transgene, reveals the GF to be cholinergic. We have used a temperature-sensitive allele of the choline acetyltransferase gene (cha(ts2)) to block cholinergic synapses in adult flies and this also abolished the long latency response in shak-B(2) flies. Taken together the data provide evidence that both components of this mixed synapse are functional and that the chemical neurotransmitter between the GF and the TTMn is acetylcholine. Our findings show that the two components of this synapse can be separated to allow further studies into the mechanisms by which mixed synapses are built and function.
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PMID:The chemical component of the mixed GF-TTMn synapse in Drosophila melanogaster uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. 1765 Jan 16

This review focuses on important new findings in the field of involuntary movements (IM) in dogs and illustrates the importance of developing a clear classification tool for diagnosing tremor and twitches. Developments over the last decade have changed our understanding of IM and highlight several caveats in the current tremor classification. Given the ambiguous association between tremor phenomenology and tremor aetiology, a more cautious definition of tremors based on clinical assessment is required. An algorithm for the characterisation of tremors is presented herein. The classification of tremors is based on the distinction between tremors that occur at rest and tremors that are action-related; tremors associated with action are divided into postural or kinetic. Controversial issues are outlined and thus reflect the open questions that are yet to be answered from an evidence base of peer-reviewed published literature. Peripheral nerve hyper-excitability (PNH; cramps and twitches) may manifest as fasciculations, myokymia, neuromyotonia, cramps, tetany and tetanus. It is anticipated that as we learn more about the aetiology and pathogenesis of IMs, future revisions to the classification will be needed. It is therefore the intent of this work to stimulate discussions and thus contribute to the development of IM research.
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PMID:Classification of involuntary movements in dogs: Tremors and twitches. 2738 36

Essential tremor is a common brain disorder affecting millions of people, yet the neuronal mechanisms underlying this prevalent disease remain elusive. Here, we showed that conditional deletion of synaptotagmin-2, the fastest Ca2+ sensor for synaptic neurotransmitter release, from parvalbumin neurons in mice caused an action tremor syndrome resembling the core symptom of essential tremor patients. Combining brain region-specific and cell type-specific genetic manipulation methods, we found that deletion of synaptotagmin-2 from excitatory parvalbumin-positive neurons in cerebellar nuclei was sufficient to generate an action tremor. The synaptotagmin-2 deletion converted synchronous into asynchronous neurotransmitter release in projections from cerebellar nuclei neurons onto gigantocellular reticular nucleus neurons, which might produce an action tremor by causing signal oscillations during movement. The tremor was rescued by completely blocking synaptic transmission with tetanus toxin in cerebellar nuclei, which also reversed the tremor phenotype in the traditional harmaline-induced essential tremor model. Using a promising animal model for action tremor, our results thus characterized a synaptic circuit mechanism that may underlie the prevalent essential tremor disorder.
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PMID:Dysfunction of parvalbumin neurons in the cerebellar nuclei produces an action tremor. 3263 24