Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A group of 71 patients with Parkinson's disease were treated with L-Dopa and benserazide during periods ranging from 27 to 60 months. In 28% of cases a decline in therapeutic effects and or delayed appearance or increase of secondary actions were observed constituting a long-term syndrome. Its most complex and dramatic expression, the on-off effect, was present in 11% of cases. Those patients with more severe symptoms were studied by means of continuous clinical observation enabling the design of daytime follow-up curves. Observations were repeated with varying dosage patterns, showing variations but no substantial changes or disappearance of the symptoms described. Electromyographic recordings and films were taken in certain cases defining the characteristics of on and off effects. Several procedures were implemented in an attempt to control Long-Term Syndrome manifestations: Change of dosage, variation of L-dopa/decarboxilase inhibitor ratio, association of anticholinergic agents with antidepressants, hypoprotein diets. Improvement was moderate and/or transient, with the exception of Nortriptilline which permitted total or partial control of certain symptoms, especially hypokinetic periods, bouts of tremor and dystonic attitudes. It was occasionally necessary to interrupt administration of L-Dopa, readministering it later with recovery of the therapeutic effect and/or avoidance of undesirable effects for varying periods of time. Loss than optimal doses proved beneficial in reducing or postponing Long-Term Syndrome manifestations. Although L-Dopa does not detain the course of the disease, the persistence of favourable results in most patients for prolonged periods of treatment confirms the long-term therapeutic value of this drug.
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PMID:[Long-term syndrome in the treatment of parkinsonism with L-dopa]. 124 97

1. Efficacy and safety of tetrabamate and chlordiazepoxide in the treatment of the acute or Primary Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS) were assessed during a randomized double blind clinical trial, carried out on sixty male alcoholic in-patients. 2. The two drugs were administered four times a day in double dummy conditions, according to a fixed-flexible decreasing dosage schedule (six days basic regimen). 3. Drug efficacy was measured daily throughout the study period using a battery of standard instruments for collecting quantitative clinical, behavioral, psychopathological and laboratory data. Side effects were daily recorded. 4. Tetrabamate was found to be as efficient as chlordiazepoxide in reducing the intensity of the PAWS, improving sleep and vital signs rapidly and alleviating anxiety progressively. 5. Tetrabamate was found particularly beneficial for severe tremor. Psychomotor and mood scores consistently favored tetrabamate, suggesting psychoanaleptic properties of this compound (increased diurnal vigilance). 6. Side effects were minimal with tetrabamate and generally of weak intensity with chlordiazepoxide. 7. The results of this study indicate that tetrabamate may represent a new alternative drug of choice for the therapy of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
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PMID:Double blind study on the efficacy and safety of tetrabamate and chlordiazepoxide in the treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. 266 86

In 1974 John Caffey described a form of abuse in infants which he called "The Whiplash Shaken Infant Syndrome." This syndrome involves vigorous manual shaking of infants by the extremities or shoulders, with whiplash-induced intracranial and intraocular bleeding, but with no external signs of head trauma. This article reviews the literature on whiplash shaken infant syndrome since Caffey's original review. The bulk of this literature focuses on the use of cranial computed tomography in the diagnosis of head injury in infants. Many questions remain regarding the incidence of this syndrome, and the long term morbidity resulting from this type of injury in infants. Caffey's recommendations for routine, regular examinations of the ocular fundi in all babies, and for a massive public educational program on the hazards of shaking infants have yet to be carried out.
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PMID:The whiplash shaken infant syndrome: what has been learned? 351 79

Three cases of whiplash shaking injury of infants are presented. All children presented with seizures and had minimal signs of external injury. Examination of the retina revealed extensive retinal hemorrhages. These were missed on initial examination and were only discovered after pupillary dilatation. The presence of these palecentered retinal hemorrhages suggested the diagnosis of child abuse and skeletal surveys and thorough social histories confirmed the diagnosis. Despite extensive retinal hemorrhages, computerized axial tomography (C.T.) scan showed minimal inter-hemispheric bleeding. In contrast to the "Battered Child Syndrome," all the findings in whiplash shaking syndrome of infants are subtle and demand an awareness, an index of suspicion and a thorough examination which may include extensive retinal examination following dilatation of the pupils. This latter examination is frequently not performed by family physicians and residents so that the syndrome may be missed. A fourth case is also discussed where shaking is admitted on initial presentation but said to be done for resuscitation. This poses an immense diagnostic dilemma to the pediatrician since in this case the child presented later with all the signs of physical abuse.
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PMID:Whiplash shaking syndrome: retinal hemorrhages and computerized axial tomography of the brain. 668 73

The Kennedy-Syndrome is a X-linked recessive bulbospinal muscular atrophy, in some cases associated with endocrinological disturbances such as androgen resistance and diabetes mellitus. The age of onset is usually between 20 and 40. Presenting symptoms are proximal flaccid weakness, fasciculations, cramps or tremor. Disease progression is usually slow and live expectancy is normal. It is important to distinguish the Kennedy-Syndrome from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophies and other types of motor neuron disease. Kennedy disease is caused by an expanded trinucleotide repeat in the androgen receptor gene. Genetic analysis allows a precise-diagnosis on an individual basis and reliable genetic counselling. An effective medical treatment does not yet exist.
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PMID:[X-chromosomal recessive spinobulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy type). Description of a family, clinical aspects, molecular genetics, differential diagnosis and therapy]. 975 16

The serotonin(5-HT) syndrome(SS) is a condition of both the central and peripheral 5-HTergic hyperstimulation, characterized by a constellation of 5-HT-related side effects(confusion, agitation, restlessness, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis, shivering or tremor in the setting of the recent addition of 5-HTergic agents. The SS is produced most often by the concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and other 5-HTergic agents. However, more recent reports suggest that the tricyclic antidepressant or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor(SSRI) monotherapy induces the SS. Recently, for the operationalized assessment of both the presence and the severity of the core symptoms of the SS, Hegerl et al. developed the Serotonin Syndrome Scale(SSS) as a modification of the diagnostic criteria of the SS proposed by Sternbach. Since, in Japan, some novel 5-HTergic agents have been, and will be in use, recognition of the SS is quite important. Therefore, for clinical application of SSS, we prepared the Japanese-language version (JSSS).
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PMID:[The Japanese version of the serotonin syndrome scale (JSSS)]. 1087 22

This open-label clinical study was conducted for patients with schizophrenia in order to investigate the efficacy, safety and optimal dose of olanzapine. One hundred and fifty-six of the 159 enrolled patients were included in the analysis set. For the primary efficacy measure, the Final Global Improvement Rating (FGIR) score, 15.4% of patients had remarkable improvement, 58.3% of patients had moderate improvement or more, 79.5% of patients had slight improvement or more, and 10.3% of patients had increase in disease symptomatology (worsening). Results from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) in all individual items were improved from baseline. Olanzapine was effective not only against positive psychotic symptoms but also against negative symptoms. This was consistent with results from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). For the majority of patients, a dose range of 7.5-10.0mg/day, as a lower bound on the minimally effective dose, was suggested by the results of the dose to first response based on improvement in Global Improvement Rating (GIR) analyses. The ratio of olanzapine dose to equivalent haloperidol dose was estimated at 1.2 :1. The most commonly reported treatment-emergent signs and symptoms (TESS) occurring at a frequency of 10% or more were insomnia, weight increase, excitement, sleepiness, anxiety, malaise and dull headaches. There was a low incidence of extrapyramidal treatment-emergent signs and symptoms; the most commonly reported were akathisia (6.4%), tremor (5.8%) and muscle rigidity (2.6%).
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PMID:Olanzapine optimal dose: results of an open-label multicenter study in schizophrenic patients. Olanzapine Late-Phase II Study Group. 1099 65

Primary care physicians and psychiatrists should be aware of the incidence, causes, diagnosis, and prognosis of the conditions of Shaking Baby Syndrome (SBS). This article discusses both accidental and non-accidental head injury, and also addresses the legal aspects of SBS. Incidence, potential causes, explanations, prevention, and treatment of the condition, both for the perpetrators and the unfortunate victims, are considered. Of special importance is the fact that SBS is difficult to diagnose with absolute certainty. Hence the identification of a potential perpetrator can be difficult and injustices can occur.
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PMID:Recent research and views on shaking baby syndrome. 1538 97

Recently, Hagerman et al described the occurrence of a late-onset neurological disorder in five male carriers of the fragile-X (FMR-1) premutation. The major characteristics of this disorder, designated the Fragile-X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS), are progressive intention tremor, cerebellar ataxia and cognitive decline. Most cases of FXTAS published thus far were ascertained through families with a known fragile-X proband. Since cerebellar ataxia is one of the main cardinal features, we performed FMR-1 premutation screening in 122 male patients, older than 50 years, who were referred to us for testing of the spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7) genes and who were found to be negative. In this group of patients, we found five patients with an FMR-1 premutation. In four of them, a definite diagnosis of FXTAS could be made, based on the proposed diagnostic clinical and radiological criteria for FXTAS. In light of these figures, we recommend that FMR-1 analysis should be included in the molecular diagnostic work-up in the group of male ataxia patients older than 50 years.
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PMID:Screening for FMR-1 premutations in 122 older Flemish males presenting with ataxia. 1549 37

Studies of spontaneous extrapyramidal symptoms, dyskinesia and parkinsonism, in unmedicated schizophrenia are of importance in understanding their underlying pathology and relation to the psychosis. This is a study of extrapyramidal symptoms using Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale for dyskinesia and Simpson-Angus Scale for parkinsonism in 143 schizophrenia patients who never received antipsychotic medication. Psychopathology was measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Dyskinesia was present in 35% of patients and parkinsonism in 15%. The two disorders coexisted in 11 subjects. Orofacial dyskinesia, rigidity and tremor were common symptoms noted. There was no significant change in the rates and total scores of dyskinesia and parkinsonism with gender, age, duration of illness or age at onset of psychosis. Dyskinesia was unrelated to psychopathology. Parkinsonism score correlated positively with the motor symptom cluster of psychopathology. Dyskinesia and parkinsonism scores correlated positively with each other and parkinsonism score discriminated presence of dyskinesia. The associations between the spontaneous abnormal movements and other aspects of schizophrenia differed from those described in treated patients. Dyskinesia and parkinsonism are an integral part of the schizophrenia disease process whose relationship with other factors could be influenced by antipsychotic drug treatment.
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PMID:Extrapyramidal symptoms in unmedicated schizophrenia. 1572 24


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