Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A common observation in neurological practice is parkinsonism with concomitant cognitive decline, an association that usually arises from various underlying degenerative or vascular conditions, most of which are untreatable. An elderly woman with no history of psychiatric disease presented complaining of memory and cognitive impairment serious enough to interfere with daily life activities over the preceding year. She soon developed a predominantly left-sided tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia. She had had only 2 years of formal education. Neuropsychological assessment showed poor performance on Wechsler memory scale sub-items, as well as constructional apraxia, dyscalculia, reasoning difficulties and gross information deficits. A 3-month trial course of levodopa was followed by dramatic improvement in both parkinsonian symptoms and cognitive performance, including a 7-point gain in the Mini-Mental Status Examination score. At the same time, the Beck Depression Inventory score fell from 27 (baseline) to 18. Over the 10-year follow-up period the patient developed late levodopa syndrome and a persistent but mild dysthymic disorder, but never manifested dementia as defined by DSM-III-R criteria. This patient's case illustrates three important principles. First, although parkinsonism is known to be preceded by depressive episodes, particularly in a subgroup of younger patients, the symptoms of the elderly patient whose Parkinson's disease is foreshadowed by depression can mimic depressive pseudodementia, potentially leading to diagnostic confusion. Second, impaired motivation and disturbances in cognitive function are different from mood disorders, as the former involve the mesolimbic/mesocortical dopamine system, explaining the beneficial effect of levodopa on motivation and cognition in this patient even as mood was unaffected. Finally, depressive pseudodementia in Parkinson's disease does not necessarily herald the development of organic dementia in the long term.
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PMID:[Depressive pseudodementia in early Parkinson's disease: lessons from a case with long-term follow-up]. 919 54

We examined the prevalence of major depression and dysthymia in 78 patients with the classic variant of Parkinson's disease (PD) (that is, tremor plus rigidity and/or bradykinesia), and in 34 patients with the akinetic-rigid variant. Although the prevalence of dysthymia was similar in both groups (classic PD, 31%; and akinetic-rigid PD, 32%), patients with akinetic-rigid PD had a significantly higher prevalence of major depression (38% versus 15%, respectively; p < 0.01). A stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that bradykinesia was the extrapyramidal sign with the highest correlation with Hamilton depression scale scores. Our findings demonstrate a significant association between major depression and the akinetic-rigid type of PD.
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PMID:Depression in classic versus akinetic-rigid Parkinson's disease. 945 22

Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), with antidepressant and anxiolytic activity. In 6- to 24-week well designed trials, oral paroxetine 10 to 50 mg/day was significantly more effective than placebo, at least as effective as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and as effective as other SSRIs and other antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Relapse or recurrence over 1 year after the initial response was significantly lower with paroxetine 10 to 50 mg/day than with placebo and similar to that with imipramine 50 to 275 mg/day. The efficacy of paroxetine 10 to 40 mg/day was similar to that of TCAs and fluoxetine 20 to 60 mg/day in 6- to 12-week trials in patients aged > or =60 years with major depression. Paroxetine 10 to 40 mg/day improved depressive symptoms to an extent similar to that of TCAs in patients with comorbid illness, and was more effective than placebo in the treatment of dysthymia and minor depression. Paroxetine 20 to 60 mg/day was more effective than placebo after 8 to 12 weeks' treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Improvement was maintained or relapse was prevented for 24 weeks to 1 year in patients with OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder or GAD. The efficacy of paroxetine was similar to that of other SSRIs in patients with OCD and panic disorder and similar to that of imipramine but greater than that of 2'chlordesmethyldiazepam in patients with GAD. Paroxetine is generally well tolerated in adults, elderly individuals and patients with comorbid illness, with a tolerability profile similar to that of other SSRIs. The most common adverse events with paroxetine were nausea, sexual dysfunction, somnolence, asthenia, headache, constipation, dizziness, sweating, tremor and decreased appetite. In conclusion, paroxetine, in common with other SSRIs, is generally better tolerated than TCAs and is a first-line treatment option for major depressive disorder, dysthymia or minor depression. Like other SSRIs, paroxetine is also an appropriate first-line therapy for OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, GAD and PTSD. Notably, paroxetine is the only SSRI currently approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder and GAD, which makes it the only drug of its class indicated for all five anxiety disorders in addition to major depressive disorder. Thus, given the high degree of psychiatric comorbidity of depression and anxiety, paroxetine is an important first-line option for the treatment of major depressive disorder, OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, GAD and PTSD.
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PMID:Paroxetine: an update of its use in psychiatric disorders in adults. 1189 34

Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), with antidepressant and anxiolytic activity. In 6- to 24-week well designed trials, oral paroxetine 10 to 50 mg/day was significantly more effective than placebo, at least as effective as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and as effective as other SSRIs and other antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Relapse or recurrence over 1 year after the initial response was significantly lower with paroxetine 10 to 50 mg/day than with placebo and similar to that with imipramine 50 to 275 mg/day. The efficacy of paroxetine 10 to 40 mg/day was similar to that of TCAs and fluoxetine 20 to 60 mg/day in 6- to 12-week trials in patients aged > or = 60 years with major depression. Paroxetine 10 to 40 mg/day improved depressive symptoms to an extent similar to that of TCAs in patients with comorbid illness, and was more effective than placebo in the treatment of dysthymia and minor depression. Paroxetine 20 to 60 mg/day was more effective than placebo after 8 to 12 weeks' treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Improvement was maintained or relapse was prevented for 24 weeks to 1 year in patients with OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder or GAD. The efficacy of paroxetine was similar to that of other SSRIs in patients with OCD and panic disorder and similar to that of imipramine but greater than that of 2'chlordesmethyldiazepam in patients with GAD. Paroxetine is generally well tolerated in adults, elderly individuals and patients with comorbid illness, with a tolerability profile similar to that of other SSRIs. The most common adverse events with paroxetine were nausea, sexual dysfunction, somnolence, asthenia, headache, constipation, dizziness, sweating, tremor and decreased appetite. In conclusion, paroxetine, in common with other SSRIs, is generally better tolerated than TCAs and is a first-line treatment option for major depressive disorder, dysthymia or minor depression. Like other SSRIs, paroxetine is also an appropriate first-line therapy for OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, GAD and PTSD. Notably, paroxetine is the only SSRI currently approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder and GAD, which makes it the only drug of its class indicated for all five anxiety disorders in addition to major depressive disorder. Thus, given the high degree of psychiatric comorbidity of depression and anxiety, paroxetine is an important first-line option for the treatment of major depressive disorder, OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, GAD and PTSD.
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PMID:Spotlight on paroxetine in psychiatric disorders in adults. 1202 88

Social anxiety is defined as a "marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations" and includes such symptoms as sweating, palpitations, shaking, and respiratory distress. Social anxiety is fairly common, occurring in as much as 13% of the population, and can be extremely disabling. It can be either specific (confined to 1 or 2 performance situations) or generalized, and can be diagnosed with a scale-based questionnaire. Social anxiety may coexist with other disorders, such as depression and dysthymia. The differential diagnosis for social anxiety includes panic disorder, agoraphobia, atypical depression, and body dysmorphic disorder. Treatment for social anxiety can be quite effective and consists of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy (including such medications as beta-blockers, anxiolytics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants), or a combination. This article details the prevalence, onset, disease impact, and etiology of social anxiety. Specific treatments, including both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, are presented in detail, along with other treatment considerations, such as comorbidity.
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PMID:Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just a Little Shyness. 1501 22

The objective of this study was to compare, in a naturalistic setting, the efficacy and tolerability of currently available Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and venlafaxine in outpatients at a primary psychiatric care centre in Spain. The sample was composed of 194 patients with mood disorders (major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder according to the DSM-TV criteria) who began treatment either with an SSRI (fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, and citalopram) or with venlafaxine. Baseline severity of the mood disorder was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and therapeutic response was measured with the Clinical Global Impression for Therapeutic Improvement. Tolerability was assessed by recording spontaneously reported adverse experiences. There were no significant differences in the efficacy of the antidepressants under study, but there were differences in the incidence and profiles of adverse events. Fluoxetine was associated with the lowest incidence of adverse effects, in a logistical regression model, but particular events seemed to be associated with certain treatments: gastrointestinal discomfort (fluvoxamine), tremor (sertraline), dry mouth and dizziness (venlafaxine) and sweating and nervousness (citalopram). We conclude that in clinical practice there are differences in the tolerability of these antidepressants. Studies with bigger samples are needed to confirm these findings.
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PMID:Comparative efficacy and tolerability among different selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and venlafaxine in a naturalistic setting. 2492 88