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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In virtually all fur-coated and feathered animals, shaking movements of the body, similar to that made by a dog when wet, occur in response to irritation of the skin or in response to sensations of intense cold. Vigorous shaking movements occur in rats undergoing opiate withdrawal. I was led by this observation to investigations on the pharmacology of agents that stimulate or inhibit shaking. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, injected centrally at submicrogram doses, produced in nondependent, barbiturate-anesthetized animals, shaking behavior identical in its general features to that of morphine withdrawal. AG-3-5 (1-[2-hydroxyphenyl]-4[3-nitrophenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-one), another chemical stimulant of shaking, produced specific sensations of cold in man by a peripheral site of action. In this context, it should be noted that sensations of cold, and the associated emotional discomfort, are conspicuous symptoms of opiate withdrawal in man. Shaking movements elicited by a variety of stimuli were inhibited by central administration of nanomolar doses of drugs that act as agonists on opiate, muscarinic, and alpha-adrenergic receptors. These observations may provide information on a) the identity of substances in brain that, when released, provoke opiate withdrawal signs and symptoms; b) the chemical nature of substances that stimulate peripheral cold receptors; and c) the pharmacologic classification of centrally acting agents that attenuate withdrawal and produce antinociception.
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PMID:Pharmacological aspects of shaking behavior produced by TRH, AG-3-5, and morphine withdrawal. 626 May 35

The anticholinergic, antimuscarinic compounds are potent and hitherto neglected bronchodilators. Although atropine itself has drawbacks, principally related to its rapid absorption and consequent systemic side effects, its quaternary ammonium congeners, atropine methonitrate and ipratropium bromide, are poorly absorbed. When given by inhalation, they are as effective bronchodilators as atropine is, but longer acting and much less prone to side effects. They act predominantly at a site that is different from adrenergic agents and thus afford an alternative, complementary approach to the treatment of airways obstruction. In stable asthmatic subjects, ipratropium is almost as potent a bronchodilator as beta 2-adrenergic agents are. In patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, it is more potent than beta 2-adrenergic agents are. In both conditions, its combination with other bronchodilators adds significantly to the level and duration of bronchodilatation. It may also be occasionally useful in counteracting bronchospasm caused by specific stimuli, such as cold air and exercise, and particularly that caused by inadvertent beta-adrenergic blockade. By inhalation, ipratropium is relatively free of side effects, even in doses as much as 20 times those that produce maximal bronchodilatation. It does not significantly affect mucus production, viscosity, or clearance, problems for which atropine is suspect. Nor does it produce tremor and tachycardia, as do adrenergic agents. It can also probably be safely used in patients with glaucoma and bladder neck obstruction, unlike atropine. Ipratropium will probably find its major application in the long-term management of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and in asthmatic patients who are poorly controlled by, or who experience troublesome side effects from, adrenergic agents.
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PMID:Anticholinergic, antimuscarinic bronchodilators. 637 60

Shaking movements of the body, similar to that made by a dog when wet ('wet-dog shakes'), occur in rats in response to pharmacological stimuli and in response to stimuli associated with cold and skin irritation. In this study, shaking movements, elicited by a variety of stimuli, were inhibited by central administration of nanomolar doses of drugs that act as agonists on muscarinic, adrenergic, and opiate receptors. The brain regions that mediate the drug inhibition of shaking appear to be located in the medial preoptic area and in structures lining the aqueduct and fourth ventricle.
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PMID:Inhibition of shaking movements in rats by central administration of cholinergic and adrenergic agents. 641 40

Milk and cold meat samples were contaminated with 7 various serogroups of Yersinia enterocolitica strains. The infected food samples were incubated under different conditions of growth, at different temperatures and for different periods of time, then the number of colony forming units was determined and enterotoxin production was assayed by the suckling mice test. The Y. enterocolitica strains multiplied well under varying conditions of growth, but enterotoxin production could be detected only in the meat samples when incubated under shaking at 25 degrees C for 48 h. It may be assumed that performed yersinia enterotoxin is absent from food stored under normal conditions.
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PMID:Enterotoxin production by Yersinia enterocolitica in food samples. 654 29

In 14 mice (36.2 +/- 5.4 g), 17 rats (425 +/- 46.4 g), and 11 rabbits (3,200 +/- 340 g) a comparative electromyographic analysis of tremorine tremor and cold tremor was performed in gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles using spectral analysis. The mean frequency of cold tremor decreased with increasing body weight (mice: 40.2 +/- 4.5 Hz; rats: 31.3 +/- 4.9 Hz; rabbits: 16.4 +/- 3.2 Hz). With tremorine tremor no such allometric correlation was found for tremor frequency and body weight (mice: 17.7 +/- 3.6 Hz; rats: 19.6 +/- 5.1 Hz; rabbits: 15.9 +/- 2.1 Hz). Cross spectral analysis revealed that during cold tremor the flexor muscle (tibialis anterior) and the extensor muscle (gastrocnemius) of rabbits are activated alternately. The mean phase shift between the activation of flexor and extensor muscle was -155.5 degrees. Stronger activation was observed in the flexor muscle. Tremorine tremor was characterized by synchronous activation of flexor and extensor muscles with a mean phase angle of 3.0 degrees and a predominance of the extensor muscle. The results suggest that the nervous mechanisms for the generation of tremorine tremor and cold tremor are different.
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PMID:Spectral analysis of tremorine and cold tremor electromyograms in animal species of different size. 665 59

The impulse activity of single motor units were investigated in anesthetized rats during cold tremor. Cold adaptation resulted in a decrease whereas hypoxic adaptation evoked an increase of the firing rate of the motor units during cold tremor.
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PMID:[Thermoregulatory activity of the motor neuron pool in the rat adapted to cold and hypoxia]. 669 53

The impulse activity of flexor and extensor gamma- and alpha-motoneurons was investigated on anesthetized cats during cold tremor. It is found that total cooling, local cold stimulation of thermoreceptors or electrical stimulation of dorsomedial area of posterior hypothalamus evoke primary activation of flexor- and simultaneous inhibition of extensor gamma-motoneurons with secondary activation of flexor alpha-motoneurons. The electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area during cold tremor causes primary inhibition of flexor alpha-motoneurons. It is concluded that activation of gamma-motoneuron precedes the development of cold tremor. The application of the described natural model for studying the role of the fusimotor system in the motoneuron regulation during postural activity is proved.
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PMID:[Regulation of the function of gamma- and alpha-motor neurons of antagonist muscles during cold tremor in the cat]. 687 29

Magnesium deficiency may complicate many diseases. The causes include the following: inadequate intake during starvation or increased requirement during early childhood, pregnancy, or lactation; excessive losses of magnesium as a result of malabsorption from the gastrointestinal tract or from the kidneys during use of diuretics; and to a combination of the two, as in alcoholism. Most often the etiological factors have been operative for a month or more. Acute hypomagnesemia can occur without previous Mg deficiency after epinephrine, cold stress and stress of serious injury or extensive surgery. The clinical manifestations depend on the age of the patient and may begin insidiously or with dramatic suddenness, or there may be no overt symptoms or signs. The manifestations can be divided into the following categories: totally non-specific symptoms and signs ascribable to the primary disease; neuromuscular hyperactivity including tremor, myoclonic jerks, convulsions, Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign (rarely), spontaneous carpopedal spasm (rarely), ataxia, nystagmus and dysphagia; psychiatric disturbances from apathy and coma to some of all facets of delirium; cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation and sudden death; hypocalcemia which is responsive only to Mg therapy; and hypokalemia which is not easily nor completely corrected without Mg therapy. The diversity of etiologies and the multiplicity of manifestations result in confusion and controversy. The documentation of normal renal function is absolutely necessary for maximum doses. The order of magnitude of dose is 1.0 meq Mg/kg on day 1, and 0.3 to 0.5 mEq/kg per day for 3 to 5 days. In emergencies such as convulsions or ventricular arrhythmias, a bolus injection of 1.0 gm (8.1 meq) of MgSO4 is indicated. Therapy of Mg deficiency in the presence of renal insufficiency requires smaller doses and frequent monitoring. Complete repletion occurs slowly.
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PMID:Magnesium deficiency. Etiology and clinical spectrum. 702 Mar 47

Pregnant female rats were fed either a 5.0-5.5% w/v ethanol-containing liquid diet ad lib or pair-fed the isocaloric control diet during gestation weeks 2 and 3. At 75-105 days of age, female offspring of the ethanol-treated dams showed significantly greater corticosterone responses than pair-fed- or normally-derived offspring to the stress of cardiac puncture or of noise and shaking, while pituitary-adrenal responses to exposure to a novel environment, cold or 2-3 days of fasting were normal. Adrenal sensitivity to ACTH in dexamethasone-suppressed adult offspring was unaffected by the prenatal treatment. The results demonstrate that fetal ethanol exposure enhances adult pituitary-adrenal responses to certain stressors, including alcohol as demonstrated previously, and suggest that the long-term effects may be mediated by developmental actions of alcohol on central neural mechanisms involved in the regulation of this neuroendocrine system.
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PMID:Long-term effects of fetal ethanol exposure on pituitary-adrenal response to stress. 707 Oct 91

Tremorgenic Bermuda grass hay harvested during the 1971 Louisiana outbreak of toxicosis and kept in cold storage until 1979 was fed to a female Nubian cross goat. Cortical EEG from chronically implanted screw electrodes was recorded daily during hay consumption. Typical clinical signs of toxicosis were manifested as ataxia on day 8 and tremor on day 11. Motor activity returned to normal 2 days after reinstitution of nontoxic Bermuda grass hay. Changes in EEG amplitudes, frequency content, or wave-forms were not seen during the development or after the appearance of toxicosis. The administration of diazepam at the height of toxicosis suppressed the tremor for several hours.
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PMID:Toxic Bermuda grass tremor in the goat: an electroencephalographic study. 709 11


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