Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A yin-yang hypothesis is presented linking noradrenergic activity, thromboxane, melatonin, left hemisphere functioning, and cyclic AMP on the one hand, and dopamine, beta-endorphin, calcium, right hemisphere functioning, and cyclic GMP on the other. It is further suggested that there is a yoking of NA, TXA2, serotonin and melatonin in the left hemisphere, and a similar yoking of DA, BE, calcium and cGMP in the right. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that each element (NA, TXA2, etc.) on one side can modulate or balance a corresponding element (DA, BE, etc.) on the other. It is suggested that thromboxane is the key element in noradrenergic overactivity and that not taking this into consideration has confounded much prior research. This theory takes into account information processing models as well as pharmacological data and neurochemical theory on coupling of adenylate cyclase to its hormone receptors. Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity can be obtained by inhibiting thromboxane and concomitantly activating opiate receptors. This protocol may have clinical utility in treating a wide range of disorders such as: anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, sleeplessness, withdrawal states, enuresis, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Parkinsonism, Alzheimers, dementia, anorexia, infant ruminations, essential tremor, spasticity of spinal cord injury, diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis, extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, attention deficit disorder, hyperhidrosis, and possibly AIDS.
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PMID:Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity by inhibition of thromboxane and concomitant activation of opiate receptors via dietary means. 254 22

The effect of cyclosporin A in acute and chronically active inflammatory bowel disease was tested in 11 patients with Crohn's disease and two with ulcerative colitis who had exhibited a poor response to at least eight weeks of conventional therapy. Trough levels of the drug in the therapeutic range were obtained in 12 of 13 patients. Cyclosporin A, which was usually added to the continued previous medication, including corticosteroids (11 of 13) or metronidazol (1 of 13), prompted an apparent clinical improvement in all but one patient. In six of the nine Crohn's disease patients with an initial Best index of greater than 150, a definite fall by at least 100 points was observed after 2-10 weeks of treatment, but the van Hees index declined only in two patients. All four patients with chronic perineal fistulation experienced symptomatic relief. Both patients with ulcerative colitis had a clinical remission. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate or serum albumin improved in eight of 13 patients. However, two of the nine responders with Crohn's disease relapsed during cyclosporin A therapy and three immediately after the medication was discontinued. Common side effects included hypertrichosis, tremor, and hyperesthesia; hypertension and epigastric pain each occurred only in one patient.
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PMID:Cyclosporin A treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. 276 6

This article reviews the clinical pharmacology, adverse events, and comparative tolerability of the drugs commonly available for treating ulcerative colitis. Synthetic glucocorticoids are the most commonly used conventional corticosteroids in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Corticosteroids can be expected to impact on every organ system and most metabolic activities of the body. Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is common, but reversible, with conventional corticosteroids, but not with newer topically-acting corticosteroids. A serious complication of corticosteroids in children is growth retardation. The frequent adverse effects associated with the use of corticosteroids have prompted the development of a new group of rectal agents with equivalent efficacy and a more benign adverse event profile such as prednisolone metasulfobenzoate, fluticasone propionate, tixocortol pivalate, beclomethasone dipropionate and budesonide. The incidence of adverse effects related to the use of sulfasalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid plus sulfapyridine) is high and is dose related. The most frequently reported adverse effect is intolerance, not allergy, and relates to the sulfapyridine moiety correlating with the acetylator phenotype. Tolerance to 5-aminosalicylic acid by 80 to 90% of those patients allergic to, or intolerant of, sulfasalazine has given further evidence suggesting that the sulfa moiety is responsible for much of the toxicity of sulfasalazine. However, 10 to 20% of patients who are sulfasalazine intolerant have similar reactions to 5-aminosalicylic acid formulations, indicating that the 5-aminosalicylic acid moiety is responsible for adverse events in some patients taking sulfasalazine. Adverse effects resulting from treatment with azathioprine and mercaptopurine can be divided into two categories: allergic-type reactions that appear to be dose-independent and nonallergic-type reactions that are probably dose- and metabolism-dependent. It is well established now that genotype and thiopurine methyltransferase activity have an important impact on the rate of adverse effects during azathioprine or mercaptopurine therapy. Adverse effects resulting from high dose cyclosporin therapy for inflammatory bowel disease include: renal insufficiency, hypertension, opportunistic infections, seizures, paresthesias, tremor, headache, gingival hyperplasia, hypertrichosis, and anaphylaxis with intravenous cyclosporin. In contrast, the incidence of adverse events was relatively low when low-dose oral cyclosporin was used. The incidence of adverse events associated with any of the medications used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis is difficult to assess and it is therefore hard to make a comparative evaluation. The broadening of the drug regimen available to the clinician has advanced our knowledge about the disease, and further development of more effective, less toxic agents can be anticipated in the future.
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PMID:Comparative tolerability of therapies for ulcerative colitis. 1211 42

Intravenous cyclosporine has proven to be an alternative to emergency colectomy in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis, whereas the experience with FK506 is limited. In this report we compare intravenous to oral FK506 treatment in 38 patients with refractory ulcerative (n = 33) or indeterminate (n = 5) colitis. FK506 was started intravenously in the first group (n = 18) at a dose of 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg up to 14 days, followed by 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg orally, or was started orally at this dose in a second group (n = 20). Additional azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine was given and steroids were tapered in responding patients, followed by a dose reduction of FK506. Clinical disease activity and laboratory parameters were assessed to evaluate efficacy and safety. Primary objectives were the induction of remission (Truelove index of mild) and colectomy-free survival. Treatment lasted for a mean of 7.6 months, and the mean observation period was 16.2 months. Eighteen of 38 patients improved within 14 days, and a complete remission was achieved in 13 patients after 1 month. A colectomy within 1 month was performed in 3 of 38 patients. The overall colectomy rate was 34%. One-half of the patients with a minimum follow-up of 2 years required a colectomy. Intravenous and per oral administration were equally safe and effective. The most frequent adverse events included tremor, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and infection, but none were severe. Renal impairment was rare and subsided upon drug withdrawal. In conclusion. FK506 is effective in the treatment of refractory colitis with per oral dosing being equivalent to intravenous administration.
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PMID:Response of refractory colitis to intravenous or oral tacrolimus (FK506). 1627 9