Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Decimal dilutions of cholera phage heated in test tubes at the temperature range of 65 degrees to 70 degrees showed an erratic behaviour in that the residual counts had no relationship to the quantity of phage originally present in the tubes. If the contents of the heated tubes were decanted off and the empty tubes washed repeatedly with broth, the recovery of phage from successive washings of the tubes was much higher than what would be expected on the basis of the simple dilution effect of washings. The data presented indicate that the heating causes loose adhesion of phage to the wall of the glass tubes from where they can be detached by washing or shaking. The facts that E. coli phage T1 and also cholera phages tested with two different broths have given similar results, suggest that some general property of the phage itself is responsible for the phenomenon observed. The phenomenon appears to be different from the adsorption of phage to glass filters at lower temperature range described by earlier workers.
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PMID:Adhesion of cholera phage to glass surfaces at high inactivation temperatures. 79 84

A large amount of cholera toxin (CT) was produced by Vibrio cholerae O1 cultured in yeast extract-peptone water. The organisms were cultured initially in a stationary test tube (small surface-to-volume ratio) until the end of the exponential phase and subsequently cultured in a shaking flask for 15 to 20 h. By this method (previously reported as the AKI-SW method), most cholera vibrios produced an abundance of CT (up to 64 micrograms/ml), regardless of their biotype and serotype. A substantial amount of CT was produced even in basic peptone water (2% peptone, 0.5% NaCl). Use of sodium bicarbonate, which markedly stimulated CT production in the stationary test tube culture, was undesirable for CT production by the culture method used here. CT production was greatly influenced by culture conditions but was not significantly affected by the composition of the medium.
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PMID:Large production of cholera toxin by Vibrio cholerae O1 in yeast extract peptone water. 342 23

An adult mouse (18-20 g) model was developed for studying the pathogenesis of Campylobacter isolates. Iron-loaded BALB/c mice given 10(8)-10(9) Campylobacter colony forming units by intraperitoneal injection developed a severe mucoid diarrhea within 4 h. Severe diarrhea, consisting of unformed stools containing blood, mucus, and fecal leukocytes, persisted for 24 h. Diarrheal symptoms in surviving mice resolved gradually; no diarrhea was observed 5 days after inoculation. Mice not pretreated with iron developed no diarrheal symptoms, and no severe diarrhea was produced in mice inoculated orally. A transient (less than 24 h) bacteremia occurred in mice inoculated either orally or intraperitoneally. Liver, spleen, and kidney were positive for Campylobacter for 48 h; intestinal contents were positive for 5-7 days. Mice given greater than or equal to 10(10) colony forming units showed symptoms of endotoxemia (ruffled fur, inactivity, shaking, tearing, and hypothermia) and died without diarrheal symptoms. Mice given nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain HB101, heat-killed C. jejuni cells (greater than 10(10)), C. jejuni lipopolysaccharide extract, or purified lipopolysaccharide from either Vibrio cholerae 569B or Salmonella typhimurium showed no diarrheal symptoms.
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PMID:Campylobacter diarrhea in an adult mouse model. 350 19

A rapid test to identify Vibrio cholerae in stools has been developed. The test depends on the ability of the vibrios to multiply in a specially designed medium in the presence of other intestinal bacteria and to agglutinate against specific antisera directly. The culture medium consisted of 2 parts: agar and broth. Aseptic condition was not required. A 0.5 ml amount of a diluted stool suspension was added to an equal volume of molten agar in freeze drying glass ampules and left to set while 0.3 ml of broth was allowed to run down the ampule slowly to cover the agar surface. The ampule was incubated at 37 degrees C without shaking for 2 to 4 hours or until a slight turbidity of bacterial growth became visible. A drop of V. cholerae antiserum was then added and left to react at room temperature. In a cholera stool, agglutination appeared as a suspension of fine particles within 1 hour. In view of the simple technique, low cost, and easy preparation, the test can be performed in a laboratory with minimal facilities. Results obtained for the cholera and halophilic vibrios indicate a close correlation between the present method and the slide agglutination test.
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PMID:A rapid test for the identification of Vibrio cholerae in stools. 668 Jan 24

At different stages of gestation, 3 groups of pregnant sows were inoculated with a strain of hog cholera virus (HCV). After the infection, clinical signs of hog cholera were not observed in the sows. Pigs from the sows infected on day 22 or 43 of gestation showed varying degrees of muscular tremor, ataxia, splayleg, and suckling inability. Of the pigs with tremor, 83% had cerebellar hypoplasia. Surviving pigs demonstrated persistent viral infection and continued to shed HCV, but did not have antibodies to HCV. Sows infected at 72 days of gestation farrowed numerous mummified and stillborn pigs. Signs of tremor were not seen in any pigs from these sows.
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PMID:Congenital tremor in pigs farrowed from sows given hog cholera virus during pregnancy. 722 7

Some clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 produce an extracellular factor that evokes a rapid and dramatic cytotoxic response which manifests as cell rounding of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and HeLa cells without accompanying membrane damage. This study was performed to establish the identity of the non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin (NMDCY), which was not inhibited by antitoxins against cholera toxin, heat-labile toxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, El Tor hemolysin, Shiga-like toxin I, and Shiga-like toxin II, indicating that NMDCY did not bear an apparent immunological relationship with the above toxins and hemolysin. Brain heart infusion broth and AKI medium supported the maximal production of NMDCY; culture supernatant of AKI medium was found to be free of hemolysin activity, whereas in brain heart infusion broth hemolysin was coproduced with NMDCY. Maximal production of NMDCY in AKI medium was observed at 37 degrees C under shaking conditions with the pH of the medium adjusted to 8.5. NMDCY was purified to homogeneity by a three-step purification procedure which increased the specific activity of the cytotoxin by 1.7 X 10(5)-fold. The denatured molecular weight of the purified toxin was 35,000, and the cytotoxin was heat labile and sensitive to trypsin. Purification of the cytotoxin revealed an enterotoxic activity as reflected by its ability to accumulate fluid in the rabbit ileal loop. Both the cytotoxic and enterotoxic activities of NMDCY could be inhibited or neutralized by antiserum raised against purified cytotoxin but not by preimmune serum. Immunodiffusion test between purified NMDCY and antiserum gave a single well-defined precipitin band which showed reactions of complete identity, while, in an immunoblot assay, a well-defined single band was observed in the 35-kDa region. Our results indicate that the cytotoxic and enterotoxic activities expressed by NMDCY appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease associated with V. cholerae non-O1 strains which produce this cytotoxin.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of an extracellular secretogenic non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin produced by clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae non-O1. 875 40

Various culture media [AKI, Brain heart infusion broth (BHI), Casamino acid-yeast extract broth (CAYE), Casamino acid-yeast extract broth supplemented with 90 micrograms/ml of lincomycin (CAYE-L), Tryptic soy broth (TSB) and Yeast extract peptone (YEP)], cultural conditions (stationary and shaking) and incubation temperatures (30 degrees C and 37 degrees C) were evaluated to determine optimal conditions for production of cholera toxin (CT) by different biotypes (classical and E1Tor) and serogroups (O1 and O139) of V. cholerae. It was found that V. cholerae O1 E1Tor grown in CAYE-L and incubated at 30 degrees C with constant shaking was optimal for production of CT, while for the classical biotype and for the O139 serogroup, CT was maximally produced when grown in YEP and incubated at 30 degrees C in a shaker. Temperature appeared to be a prominent factor affecting the production of CT by the O1 E1Tor biotype when the media used were AKI, CAYE-L and YEP and also for the classical biotype when the media used were the AKI, BHI, CAYE and YEP. In the case of the O1 E1Tor biotype, CAYE-L was the best medium for CT production whereas for the classical biotype, CAYE-L was a poor medium as far as CT production was concerned. Irrespective of the media used, 30 degrees C shake culture condition seemed to be more favourable for supporting CT production except in CAYE medium for the O1 E1Tor biotype where incubation at 37 degrees C in a shaker was as good as incubation at 30 degrees C.
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PMID:Comparative analysis of factors promoting optimal production of cholera toxin by Vibrio cholerae O1 (classical & E1Tor biotypes) & O139. 878 15

Vibrio cholerae El Tor require special in vitro culture conditions, consisting of an initial static growth period followed by shift to shaking (AKI conditions), for expression of cholera toxin (CT) and toxin coregulated pili (TCP). ToxT, a regulator whose initial transcription depends on the ToxR regulator, positively modulates expression of CT and TCP. To help understand control of CT and TCP in El Tor vibrios, we monitored ctxAB and ToxR-dependent toxT transcription by time course primer extension assays. AKI conditions stimulated CT synthesis with an absence of ctxAB transcription during static growth followed by induction upon shaking. ToxR-dependent toxT transcription was induced at the end of the static growth period but was transient, stopping shortly after shaking was initiated but, interestingly, also if the static phase was prolonged. Immunoblot assays showed that ToxR protein levels were not coincidentally transient, implying a protein on/off switch mechanism for ToxR. Despite the transient activation by ToxR, transcription of ctxAB was maintained during shaking. This finding suggested continued toxT expression, possibly through relay transcription from another promoter. The 12.6-kb distant upstream tcpA promoter responsible for expression of the TCP operon has been proposed to provide an alternate toxT message by readthrough transcription. Activation of the tcpA promoter is supported by increased expression of TcpA protein during the shaking phase of the culture. Readthrough transcription of toxT from tcpA would be compatible with reverse transcription-PCR evidence for a toxT mRNA at times when ToxR-dependent transcription was no longer detectable by primer extension.
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PMID:Transient transcriptional activation of the Vibrio cholerae El Tor virulence regulator toxT in response to culture conditions. 1022 72

Vibrio cholerae WO7 (serogroup O1) isolated from patients with diarrhea produces an extracellular toxin despite the absence of ctx, zot, and ace genes from its genome. The toxin elongates Chinese hamster ovary cells, produces fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops, and agglutinates freshly isolated rabbit erythrocytes. Maximal production of this toxin (WO7 toxin) was seen in AKI medium with the pH adjusted to 8.5 at 37 degrees C under shaking conditions. We purified this toxin to homogeneity by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography using a fetuin-Sepharose CL-4B column, and gel filtration chromatography, which increased the specific activity of the toxin by 1.6 x 10(6)-fold. The toxin is heat labile and sensitive to proteases and has a subunit structure consisting of two subunits with molecular masses of about 58 and 40 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Agglutination of GM1-coated sheep erythrocytes by toxin suggests that GM1 might be the physiologic receptor for WO7 toxin on the enterocytes. An immunodiffusion test between the antiserum raised against the purified WO7 toxin and the purified toxin gave a well-defined precipitation band. In the immunoblot assay, two bands were observed in the 58- and 40-kDa region. At the same time, antiserum against WO7 toxin failed to show any cross-reactivity with cholera toxin or Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT1) in an immunodiffusion test or immunoblot assay. The enterotoxic activity of WO7 toxin could be inhibited by antiserum against purified WO7 toxin. Our results indicate that WO7 toxin is structurally and functionally distinct from other cholera toxins and that the enterotoxic activities expressed by WO7 toxin appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of disease associated with V. cholerae O1 strains.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of novel toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae O1. 1049 98

Shaking Rat Kawasaki (SRK) is a Reelin-deficient rat, that shows significant cytoarchitectural abnormalities in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices in a similar manner to the reeler malformation. In the present study, we investigated the cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture of the superior colliculus (SC) of this mutant rat. The Nissl staining clearly showed that neuronal components in the superficial layers of the SC in SRK rat were intermingled with each other and that the boundaries between these superficial layers were blurred. The MBP immunohistochemistry showed an abnormal fiber pattern in the superficial layers of the SC of this mutant rat. In the normal rat, myelinated fibers passed rostrocaudally through the optic layer, and only a few myelinated fibers were recognized in the uppermost two layers, i.e., the zonal and superficial gray layers. By contrast, in SRK rat, the myelinated fibers were distributed throughout the entire thickness of the superficial layers of the SC. Anterograde labeling of retinotectal fibers with an injection of Cholera Toxin subunit B into the retina revealed that this abnormal fiber pattern was associated with the anomalous course of the retinotectal fibers. No distinct differences in the cytoarchitecture and fiber pattern in the deep layers of the SC were seen. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the cytoarchitecture and fiber patterning in the superficial layers of the SC were disrupted in SRK rat, suggesting that Reelin protein regulates the formation of the superficial layers of the SC.
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PMID:Cytoarchitecture and fiber pattern of the superior colliculus are disrupted in the Shaking Rat Kawasaki. 1264 43


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