Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The clinical picture of alcohol withdrawal syndrome lies somewhere on a continuum that ranges from slight morning tremor to genuine delirium tremens. The diagnosis, usually easy, may be beset with several traps: alcoholism may be unrecognized, or a diagnosis other than withdrawal syndrome may be wrongly made, or again a complication may be either overlooked or erroneously suspected. An acute withdrawal syndrome normally regresses in less than one week, but a subacute withdrawal syndrome, which presents as signs of residual hyperexcitability of the central nervous system, must be recognized, as it may persist for several months. Beside delirium tremens, with its mandatory and well-established treatment, prevention of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and treatment of its initial stages raise no problems, as it consists above all of psychotherapy combined by such tranquillizers as febarbamate or a benzodiazepine taken in well-specified dosage.
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PMID:[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome and delirium tremens. Their treatment]. 813 87

A 42 year old male, while repairing a sphygmomanometer, intentionally ingested an estimated 3 kg (220 mL) of metallic mercury. During admission, only tremor, irritability, forgetfulness and fatigue were noted. There were no obvious gastrointestinal or hepatic complications. Blood and urine mercury levels were significantly elevated. Most of the metallic mercury was cleared from the gut within 10 days. A few months later, hepatic dysfunction with jaundice developed. Serial investigations did not suggest a viral etiology or alcoholism. Liver function tests and blood and urine mercury levels returned to normal over the next 10 months. The observation suggests that massive and prolonged retention of metallic mercury may facilitate the conversion of metallic, elemental mercury to divalent mercury and its subsequent absorption with development of hepatic dysfunction.
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PMID:Massive oral ingestion of elemental mercury. 835 25

In this study, a cocaine abstinence syndrome is confirmed. Moreover, the cocaine withdrawal syndrome was found to be medically and psychiatrically benign and required no medication for detoxification in this inpatient setting. The 150 patients who underwent cocaine withdrawal did not show the three distinct phases of the abstinence symptomatology previously described. No patients required pharmacological intervention for cocaine withdrawal, and the dropout rate was 8% of the 150 cocaine dependents. The common symptoms of acute cessation of cocaine were transient craving, hyperactivity, slight tremor, insomnia and apprehension. The diagnosis of cocaine dependence alone without an additional drug or alcohol diagnosis was unusual in this study at 5%, as is the solitary use of cocaine also uncommon according to other studies. Studies clearly document that the concurrent and simultaneous use and dependence on multiple drugs and alcohol is present in the majority of treatment populations and common in the general population. As many as 54% of cocaine dependents qualified for alcohol dependence in this study, and many were dependent on alcohol prior to their cocaine dependence. Cocaine dependence appears to be yet another diagnosis in the spectrum of the multiple drug and alcohol dependent.
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PMID:Cocaine dependence: alcohol and other drug dependence and withdrawal characteristics. 838 Oct 28

It is well known that during the withdrawal period after chronic alcohol intake, tremor is one of the symptoms that disturb patients. Alcohol withdrawal tremor might be a variant of enhanced physiological tremor, most often caused by anxiety or emotional stress. The aim of this investigation was to establish the EMG pattern of alcoholic tremor and to compare it with the well known pattern of enhanced physiological tremor caused by anxiety or emotional stress. Forty patients 20-43 years old were investigated by a neurologist and psychiatrist 1-10 days after acute alcohol withdrawal. They all met the criteria for chronic alcoholism. Thirty three patients 26-43 years old with the complaint of tremor and anxiety or emotional stress were also investigated. An electromyographic investigation was performed to evaluate the pattern, frequency and amplitude of tremor. Results revealed that both groups of patients had 8-12 Hz low amplitude postural tremor with synchronous activity in antagonist muscles. Patients with alcohol withdrawal tremor had significantly higher amplitude tremor compared with patients with anxiety and emotional stress. No other clinical or electromyographic differences existed between both groups. In conclusion alcohol withdrawal tremor is a variant of enhanced physiological tremor. Both types of tremor could be distinguished only by the circumstances responsible for tremor occurrence.
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PMID:Alcohol withdrawal tremor. 865 16

The clinical neurological and electroneuromyographycal examination were performed in 75 patients with chronic alcoholism including 15 patients with abstinence (withdrawal) syndrome. The abstinence period without any alcohol consumption did not last more that 6 days before observation time. The clear, specific neurological symptoms were revealed in alcohol abstinence syndrome (AAS), exactly: the general brain disturbances in the form of headache, dizziness, horizontal small-swinging nystagmus, dynamic ataxia, the increase of tendinous reflexes preferentially from upper limbs, the tremor of head, tongue and of streched out arms fingers, the sympathic adrenal type vegetative disturbances. The increase of impulse conduction rate along the median nerve as well as elevation of craniocaudal coefficient and neuromuscular conduction disturbances were also characteristic for AAS.
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PMID:[Neurological and neurophysiological aspects of the alcohol abstinence syndrome]. 878 80

Laboratory studies of cocaine-exposed rodents, and positron emission tomographic studies of human cocaine abusers have suggested that chronic cocaine abuse downregulates dopaminergic function in the basal ganglia. The present study sought to provide behavioral evidence for this phenomenon by demonstrating enhanced levels of resting hand tremor among patients with previous histories of cocaine dependence. to determine the specificity of the phenomenon, patients with previous histories of alcohol dependence, cocaine/alcohol codependence, and cocaine/opiate codependence were also evaluated. Patients were assigned to one of four groups according to DSM-IIIR diagnostic criteria: (1) cocaine dependent (n = 19); (2) cocaine and alcohol dependent (n = 12); (3) cocaine and opiate dependent (n = 7); (4) alcohol dependent (n = 9). All were abstinent from their primary drug of abuse for a period of 1 to 5 months. The three patient groups with histories of cocaine dependence exhibited significantly more resting hand tremor than the alcohol-dependent and normal control groups. Furthermore, hand tremor in the former three groups was positively related to the number of self-reported uses of cocaine and negatively related to the number of months of cocaine abstinence.
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PMID:Resting hand tremor in abstinent cocaine-dependent, alcohol-dependent, and polydrug-dependent patients. 890 70

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a compound found in mammalian brain which meets many criteria of a neurotransmitter. GHB has been investigated as a tool for inducing absence (petit mal) seizures, for use as an anesthetic, and for treatment of narcolepsy, alcohol dependence and opiate dependence. Since 1990 GHB has been abused in the United States for euphoric, sedative and anabolic effects. Coma and seizures have been reported following abuse of GHB, but dependence liability has received little attention. The neuropharmacology, potential therapeutic uses and acute adverse effects of GHB are reviewed, followed by a case series of eight people using GHB. Adverse effects of GHB may include prolonged abuse, seizure activity and a withdrawal syndrome. This withdrawal syndrome includes insomnia, anxiety and tremor; withdrawal symptoms resolve in 3-12 days. GHB has the potential to cause a significant incidence of abuse and adverse effects. Prolonged use of high doses may lead to a withdrawal syndrome, which resolves without sequelae. Educational efforts should address the narrow therapeutic index, possible physical dependence and dangers of combining GHB with other drugs of abuse.
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PMID:Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence. 937 74

Associations between self-report symptom profiles for nicotine withdrawal, personality (TPQ, EPQ-R), life-time history of psychopathology and smoking history were examined in data obtained from 553 female adult Australian twins (246 regular smokers), aged 32-48 years, who had participated in a telephone interview survey that included life-time assessments of smoking history, nicotine dependence and symptoms of withdrawal. Two hundred and two respondents were from high-risk pairs where either the respondent or the respondent's co-twin had reported a life-time history of alcohol dependence; 351 were from control pairs. Latent class analysis was used to identify subtypes ('classes') of smokers reporting similar withdrawal symptom profiles. Three major classes were identified which appeared to represent a continuum from mild to severe nicotine withdrawal. Smokers from the severe withdrawal class were best characterized by hands shaking and by the prominence of depressive features. There were marked increases in life-time alcohol dependence rates as a function of severity class. In contrast, significantly elevated rates of major depression, conduct disorder and anxiety disorder were observed only among smokers from the most severe withdrawal class. Neuroticism was the only personality factor strongly associated with the development of withdrawal symptoms.
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PMID:Nicotine withdrawal in women. 929 47

A new method for the detection and quantification of extremity tremor is described, based on video image processing. A single CCD camera recorded the movement of the extremity. A passive marker in the shape of a black annulus was placed on the forearm and the movement of the annulus analysed. The framestore digitised the video signal at a sample rate of 10 Hz. The time period of the movement analysis was delta t = 6.4 s. A total of 32 adults with alcoholism and 22 controls participated in this study. The movement of the extremity was recorded during the usual neurological test (sitting posture, feet together, upper extremities directly in front of subject) for both extremities. In this study, it was assumed that the probability density function f(d) of some variable D is characteristic of the tremor. This function is formed by a finite mixture of bivariate continuous distributions. The results suggest that f(d) characterises patients with alcoholism and distinguishes them from control subjects with only physiological tremor. The results demonstrate the capacity of the measuring system based on video imaging to quantifying motor impairments in clinical neurology.
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PMID:The application of video image processing to quantitative analysis of extremity tremor in humans. 982 48

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a compound found in the mammalian brain, meets many criteria of a neurotransmitter. Experimentally, GHB has been used as a model for petit mal epilepsy; clinically it has been used as a general anaesthetic, to treat certain sleep disorders and alcoholism. Lately GHB has been abused for its euphoric, sedative and anabolic effects. Coma and seizures following abuse of GHB have been reported, but dependency has received little attention. Adverse effects of GHB include seizure activity and a withdrawal syndrome characterised by insomnia, anxiety and tremor. The present paper reviews the neuropharmacology, potential therapeutic uses and acute adverse effects of GHB, together with a presentation of three cases.
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PMID:[Gamma-hydroxybutyrate--an endogenous substance and an intoxicant]. 988 13


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