Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diazepam was administered to Swiss-Webster mice for 53 days as a mixture of drug in laboratory chow, leading to consumption as high as 1000 mg/kg/day. Low plasma concentrations of diazepam, but very high levels (generally between 5,000 and 10,000 ng/ml) of the active metabolites nordiazepam and oxazepam, were found. Animals appeared healthy throughout drug administration, but some died because of apparent drug-induced aggression. Withdrawal was precipitated by omitting drug from the food. The behavior and physiological state of each animal were observed in detail during treatment and withdrawal phases. Tests that showed stable results in control animals and changes during abstinence were used to measure the withdrawal syndrome. These changes included piloerection, tremor, pelvic elevation and tail elevation, as well as changes in body tone, abdominal tone and pupil size. A composite withdrawal score was plotted against time; this score increased significantly (P less than .01) 1 day after withdrawal and remained significantly elevated for 17 days. This technique provides a quantitative method to study the effect of withdrawal from benzodiazepines in mice.
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PMID:Benzodiazepine dependence in mice after ingestion of drug-containing food pellets. 287 Nov 73

During a 28-month period, data were collected on physiological parameters and sociosexual behavior of 13 adult male members of a large mixed-sex group of stumptail macaques living in an outdoor cage. Monthly measurements of plasma testosterone, testis size, and body weight revealed no systematic seasonality. Seasonal variations did occur in branch shaking and grooming (both with low rates in winter), but not in other behaviors studied (copulation, masturbation, aggression). Dominance ranks were stable throughout the study period and were not significantly correlated with mean testosterone levels. Temporal fluctuations in behavioral frequencies did not parallel testosterone fluctuations. Interindividual differences in behavioral frequencies were often correlated with dominance rank, but not with testosterone levels.
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PMID:Testosterone, testis size, seasonality, and behavior in group-living stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). 361 55

The effect on behavior of eight anticholinergic agents: atropine, scopolamine, trihexyphenidyl, biperiden, homatropine, eucatropine, hexocyclium and propantheline, injected into the cerebral ventricle (ICV) of the cat was investigated and compared. The anticholinergic agents evoked: (1) psychomotor stimulation such as miaowing, loud calling, restlessness, impelling locomotion, jumping, vacant staring, apprehension and loss of interest of the surroundings; (2) aggression, hissing, threat, attack, defense, fighting with paws and flight; (3) autonomic responses including mydriasis, tachypnea, dyspnea, licking, vomiting, salivation, micturition and defection; and (4) motor phenomena comprising scratching, ataxia, rigidity, tremor, weakness with adynamia or myoclonic jerks. Convulsions appeared only after ICV injections of atropine and homatropine. The most characteristic behavioral effect of anticholinergic agents was psychomotor stimulation accompanied by mild aggressive responses. The only exception was propantheline which caused a muscular weakness and adynamia. Atropine and scopolamine alone induced a dose-dependent impelling locomotion as well as fighting behavior. Carbachol and eserine injected intracerebroventricularly reversed the locomotion autonomic and motor phenomena produced by anticholinergic agents administered similarly. It is suggested that anticholinergic agents acting as partial agonists, can produce their behavioral effects through central cholinoceptive sites.
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PMID:Comparative behavioral effects of anticholinergic agents in cats: psychomotor stimulation and aggression. 370 93

Young adult BALB/c mice were administered trimethyltin chloride (TMT) at a dosage of 3.0 mg TMT/kg body wt. Animals displayed severe toxic signs (tremor and aggression) within 24 hr and were sacrificed at 48 and 72 hr postinjection. The brain stems of these animals were examined with light and electron microscopy. Degenerative and vacuolar changes were observed in many large brain stem neurons, especially those in the mesencephalic trigeminal nuclei. These neurons acquired a chromatolytic character with eccentric nuclei, loss of Nissl substance, and hyalinoid cytoplasm. Extensive vacuolation was also found in these nerve cells. Electron microscopy examination revealed progressive loss of the Nissl substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and distention of the cytoplasmic membranes (endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex). Severe distention of these membranes resulted in large membrane-limited vacuoles within these nerve cells. This intraneuronal vacuolation reflects an intracellular edema condition of these nerve cells and is potentially reversible. Mitochondrial damage in these neurons was only moderate. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the full toxic impact and pathogenetic mechanisms of TMT in the nervous system.
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PMID:Neuropathology of trimethyltin intoxication. III. Changes in the brain stem neurons. 683 24

Pathological changes in the central nervous system in two strains of mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6) and two strains of rats (Long Evans and Sprague Dawley) as a result of trimethyltin (TMT) intoxication were compared. Both strains of mice were administered with trimethyltin chloride at a dosage of 3.0 mg TMT-Cl/kg b.w. while both strains of rats were exposed to 7.5 mg TMT-Cl/kg b.w. Animals were sacrificed at the time of development of observable neurological signs (tremor, aggression): 2 days for both strains of mice, 3 days for Long Evans (LE) rats, and 5 days for Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. It was found that there were both species and strain differences in TMT toxicity. Despite being exposed to a lower dose of TMT and for a shorter duration of time, mice showed more prominent neurological signs and hippocampal lesions than rats. Among the two strains of rats studied, LE rats were more sensitive than SD rats to TMT toxicity. The regional sensitivity of the CNS between mice and rats was also different, with mice showing most lesions in the hippocampal fascia dentata and rats showing more prominent neuronal damages in the olfactory cortices and hippocampal Ammon's horn. Our present investigation provides the first species/strain comparison on lesion development as a result of TMT intoxication.
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PMID:Species and strain comparison of acute neurotoxic effects of trimethyltin in mice and rats. 687 75

In singly- and group-housed cats, an intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in doses up to 1.0 mg, after a latent period of 1 to 3 days, evoked motor responses including tremor, ataxia, rigidity, weakness with adynamia and clonic-tonic convulsions. However, the intraventricular administration of 6-OHDA in a dose of 2.0 mg in group-housed cats, also after a latent period of 1 to 3 days, caused aggression, a restlessness, irritability, rage, fear, threat, attack, fighting and flight. These responses were accompanied by autonomic signs of mydriasis and dyspnoea and motor changes including tremor, ataxia, rigidity, weakness with adynamia and clinic-tonic convulsions. In the singly-housed cat only the latter motor phenomena were observed after the higher dose. Intraventricular injection of reserpine (0.5-1.0 mg) in both singly- and group-housed cats produced catalepsy, sedation, miosis, ptosis, defecation and micturition as well as motor responses of tremor, rigidity and akinesia. It is concluded that although 6-OHDA and reserpine evoke different behavioral effects, the motor changes are similar.
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PMID:Comparison of behavioral changes in cats treated with intracerebroventricular 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine. 719 23

The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injected into the cerebral ventricles on behaviour of singly- and group-housed cats was investigated. 6-OHDA in doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg was administered every morning for 5 to 8 days. In small doses 6-OHDA in singly- and group-housed cats evoked motor phenomena such as tremor, ataxia, rigidity, weakness and sometimes clonic-tonic convulsions. Occasionally restlessness, irritability and rage were observed. Large doses of 6-OHDA in group-housed cats, after a short latent period (2-3 days) produced aggression which intensified on subsequent injections, and thereafter, on repeated administrations, no longer occurred. The aggression consisted of restlessness, irritability, anger, rage, apprehension, threat, attack, fighting, flight and crying. Of autonomic phenomena mydriasis, dyspnea and sometimes piloerection were observed. The aggression was initiated by the most restless cat, or by disturbing the animals, such as by moving the cage. When 6-OHDA no longer produced aggressive behaviour, motor changes such as tremor, ataxia, rigidity, walking on broad base, weakness with adynamia and clonic-tonic convulsions developed. These latter symptoms were produced by large doses of 6-OHDA in singly-housed cats. In these animals spontaneous signs of aggressive behaviour usually were not observed, although if handled they showed rage, snarling and hissing. When singly-housed cats were kept in the same cage with group-housed animals, the singly-housed cats usually became aggressive. It appears that hyperactivity induced aggression in 6-OHDA-treated cats.
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PMID:6-hydroxydopamine and aggression in cats. 719 85

1. Very little is known about the behaviour of children in their second year and even less in their Peer-group. Aggressive behaviour among peers seems to be established at this age and it is interesting to observe it within the Peer-groups. 2. A useful definition of aggression seems to be the following one: Aggression is any physical contact, direct or indirect, by which another person is hurt. 3. We observe five different forms of aggression: 3.1 Aggression by chance, without any aim, happening out of awkwardness and motoric clumsiness. This kind of aggression becomes rarer during the second year. 3.2 Manipulating one another, as shaking arm or leg of another child, pulling his hair, tapping his body and so on, giving the impression of the aggressor exploring his partner. This kind of aggression also becomes rarer during the second year. 3.3 Robbery of objects, i.e. toys being in the hands of another; the reaction of the victim is increasing during the second year. 3.4 Aggression in order to control the group and to establish leadership in connection with the development of a group hierarchy. 3.5 Pathologic Aggression, observed on a child of the group with brain dysfunction. The child overthrows others from behind, climbs on them and bites them in the ear, the neck or the cheek. 4. We still need more observation on Peer-groups of this age to know more about the beginning and development of the here described phenomena.
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PMID:[Aggression in peer groups during the second year of life]. 731 89

The effects of the selective D2 DA receptor antagonist, (-)eticlopride, a drug belonging to the benzamide class, were investigated on the D2 DA agonist SND 919- and CQP 201-403-induced stereotyped behaviour and on CQP 201-403-induced shaking, in rats, and on isolation-induced aggression, in mice. (-)Eticlopride was also tested over a wide dose range (5-1200 micrograms kg-1, s.c.) for sedative and cataleptic activity, in rats. For comparison, some experiments were performed with (-)sulpiride (10 and 40 mg kg-1, s.c.) The data obtained show that (-)eticlopride differs from (-)sulpiride and potentially modifies animal behaviour, whether spontaneous or induced; moreover, they suggest a potential clinical use for this neuroleptic in the management of psychotic states.
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PMID:Behavioural assessment in rats of the antipsychotic potential of the potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, (-)eticlopride. 747 22

This study examined the use of 4 antagonists of chemical restraint in mature female southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) that were restrained with ketamine and diazepam, ketamine and xylazine, or tiletamine and zolazepam. The antagonists were: 4-aminopyridine, yohimbine, doxapram and sarmazenil. The effects of the antagonists on the animal's time to first movement forward and recovery, heart rate, respiratory rate and venous blood gas and pH values, and level of chemical restraint were recorded. Sarmazenil (1.0 mg/kg) and doxapram (5.0 mg/kg) partially antagonised 50:1 ketamine: diazepam (ketamine = 3.0 mg/kg, diazepam = 0.06 mg/kg) and tiletamine and zolazepam (tiletamine = 0.5 mg/kg, zolazepam = 0.5 mg/kg). However, the rapid recovery after low doses of anaesthetics means that antagonism is usually unnecessary, and it may increase the likelihood of shaking. Routine antagonism of ketamine and xylazine (ketamine = 3.0 mg/kg, xylazine = 0.5 mg/kg) is more useful given its usually delayed recovery time and potential for thermoregulatory problems. For this purpose yohimbine (0.06 mg/kg) offered advantages over doxapram in giving a smoother recovery with less aggression. 4-aminopyridine (0.2 mg/kg) prolonged chemical restraint by 100:1 ketamine:diazepam (ketamine = 3.0 mg/kg, diazepam = 0.03 mg/kg) and ketamine and xylazine, and should be contraindicated. Doxapram (5.0 mg/kg) was the most useful general antagonist for all groups of drugs but shaking was seen and a lower dose is recommended.
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PMID:Antagonism of some cyclohexamine-based drug combinations used for chemical restraint of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). 766 16


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