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An epidemic form of Kaposi's sarcoma associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome has been recently described. Seven homosexual men with biopsy-documented epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma were treated with a human interferon-gamma preparation. All patients had generalized disease. Only one patient had received prior chemotherapy, and one other patient had recovered from a prior opportunistic infection. Interferon-gamma was administered in a dose of 500,000 U intramuscularly daily, with two 10-day induction courses, separated by a 2-week medication-free period. This was followed by maintenance therapy in the same dose twice weekly. Toxicities consisted of a flu-like illness with high fevers, shaking chills, myalgias, and arthralgias. There were no complete or partial responses. All patients exhibited disease progression, with a rapid progression of previously stable disease necessitating discontinuation of therapy in three patients. We conclude that low doses of this human interferon-gamma preparation are ineffective in epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma.
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PMID:Therapeutic trial of interferon-gamma in patients with epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma. 392 25

To obtain information on the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) health education and risk-reduction behavior needs of university students in Nigeria, 252 undergraduates from five academic departments at the University of Ibadan completed a KAP survey. 41.7% were from the Faculty of Medicine; the remainder were enrolled in the Faculties of Education and the Arts, Social Sciences, Science and Technology, and Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. 90.6% of students were familiar with the term AIDS. 58.7% knew AIDS is caused by a virus, but 72.6% believed AIDS could be transmitted through kissing, hugging, or shaking hands. The major sources of information were newspapers (51.7%), radio (27.5%), and magazines (10.3%). Persons identified as at risk of AIDS included homosexuals (85.3%), intravenous drug users (79.4%), promiscuous persons (79.4%), hemophiliacs (21.0%), bar maids (18.2%), and blood transfusion recipients (78.6%). 61.9% cited safe sex as the primary method of AIDS prevention. Aversion toward people with AIDS was the norm, and 78.2% believed AIDS patients should be isolated. Only 40.1% regarded AIDS as a serious problem in Nigeria. 48.0% did not consider themselves at any risk of AIDS, and 59.5% felt that educated people are unlikely to become infected. On the other hand, 48.0% reported multiple sex partners in the five years preceding the survey and 29.2% had had sexual relations when travelling outside of Nigeria. The medical students were no more likely to be sensitive to AIDS patients, concerned about the seriousness of Nigeria's AIDS epidemic, or committed to safe sex practices than their counterparts in other academic departments. The discrepancy between students' knowledge of AIDS and continued practice of high-risk behaviors and minimization of their personal susceptibility indicates a need for educational programs on university campuses.
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PMID:AIDS knowledge, attitude and behaviour patterns among university students in Ibadan, Nigeria. 762 99

We studied 1086 AIDS patients in the last six years. Of these 389 (35.82%) had neurological manifestation and 7 (1.8%) male patients had abnormal involuntary movements (parkinsonism in 3, hemichorea-hemiballism in 2, spinal myoclonus in 1 and rubral tremor in another). All patients were men, 5 white and 2 black. Four were homosexual, 2 drug-users and 1 bisexual. The mean age was 33.14 years. The time between AIDS diagnosis and the onset of movement disorders was 23.8 months in 5 patients and in 2 it was the first symptom. The parkinsonian patients did not show any opportunistic infection in connection with the neurological symptoms but in the remaining four cases this relationship was suggested. The data showed that not only the opportunistic infection but also the AIDS virus may play an important role on the development of involuntary movements.
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PMID:Involuntary movements and AIDS: report of seven cases and review of the literature. 814 50

Brainstem involvement by Toxoplasma gondii is probably more common than other opportunistic infections, although it has not received adequate attention. Identification of toxoplasmosis is essential, as this condition responds to treatment with a significant increase in life expectancy. During the past 4 years, 366 AIDS patients with central nervous system toxoplasmosis diagnosed by biopsy or improvement following empirical treatment were evaluated. Among them, 8 (7 men, 1 woman; aged 25-55 yr) presented with signs of brainstem dysfunction. Six patients presented with an oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiplegia; 1 had an additional ipsilateral rubral tremor. The seventh patient had complete external ophthalmoplegia and the eighth had Parinaud's syndrome. Computed tomography revealed enhancing lesions in the brainstem of all patients. Seven responded to treatment with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.
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PMID:Brainstem toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 818 35

Investigations were carried out in 1991 in 218 persons in Lublin county who were divided into 2 groups: Group I comprised 118 persons 18-25 years old, who had completed primary school, basic level trade school, or secondary school, and Group II consisted of 100 persons 40-60 years old, who had completed primary, secondary, or higher level schooling. A questionnaire asked about the probability of HIV infection in Poland, the routes and time of transmission, prevention methods, and knowledge about AIDS. Responses to the questions concerning the route of transmission were similar in both groups: sexual intercourse, use of narcotics, needle prick conveying blood of infected person, blood transfusion, maternal-fetal exchange, childbirth, and breast-feeding. Group II more frequently indicated the possibility of infection through sharing food, kisses, working together, riding the bus, and shaking hands with an infected person. Transmission of HIV by insects was asserted by 26.3% of Group I and 38% of Group II. Regarding transmission from persons with negative test results, 7.6% of respondents in Group I and 9.0% in Group II stated that it was possible to get infected from them, while 59.3% and 79.0%, respectively said it was not. As to prevention of HIV infection, 76.2% in Group I and 42% in Group II advocated the use of condoms, 59.3% and 44%, respectively, stated the need for a steady partner and avoidance a casual partners, 33.1% and 24.0%, respectively, mentioned single uses of medical instruments, but only 3.4% and 0%, respectively, referred to avoiding contact with blood. Familiarity with the topic of AIDS before filling out the questionnaires was reported by 61.9% in Group I and 59.0% in Group II. Basic sources of knowledge were derived from television, radio, press, specialist brochures, lectures, and acquaintances. The topic of AIDS was of interest to 83.1% in Group I and 71.0% in Group II. Regarding acceptance of an HIV-infected person in their vicinity, 40.7% in Group I said yes vs. 30.0% in Group II; while 44.1% and 63.0%, respectively, said no.
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PMID:[Awareness of AIDS in selected population groups from the province of Lublin]. 823 44

Dyskinesia, here, is considered to be synonymous with abnormal involuntary movement (AIM). AIMs are recognized in various infections of the central nervous system, of which Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) are thought to be the most important. The two show myoclonus and other similar features in common except age of onset. The myoclonus is classified under the non-stimulus-sensitive and periodic one characterized by a long duration and a relationship to periodic synchronous discharge (PSD) in EEG. The rhythm is, however, somewhat different and quicker in CJD (0.5-2 Hz) than in SSPE (0.05-0.2 Hz). In the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIMs, including tremor, myoclonus and some others are also noted.
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PMID:[Dyskinesias in infections of the central nervous system]. 827 70

The objectives were to describe the sexual practices of high school students; to describe the process of development of a school-based AIDS prevention program; and to evaluate the effect of this program on students' AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and AIDS-preventive behaviors by means of self-administered questionnaires. A cluster-randomized, controlled trial with pretest/post-test evaluation was conducted in 4 demographically similar public high schools in a semi-urban district of Metro Manila, the Philippines. Of 845 high school students who participated in the baseline survey, 804 (95%) completed a postintervention questionnaire. An AIDS prevention program was developed by public high school teachers together with local AIDS experts, social scientists, and health educators to provide students with accurate information about AIDS, dispel misconceptions about casual contagion, to foster positive attitudes towards people with AIDS, and to develop skills aimed at assessing intended behavior. At baseline, 80 (11%) of 804 students reported ever having had sexual intercourse (mean age 14 years). 66 were male and 14 were female (p 0.001). Among these, condom use was low (24%). Reasons for failure to use condoms were: use of other method (26%) and loss of sensitivity (25%). After implementation of the AIDS prevention program, the intervention group was more likely to answer correctly that HIV cannot be transmitted by mosquito bites (p 0.01), through a cough or sneeze (p 0.01), or by shaking hands with an infected person (p 0.01). Students who had attended the AIDS education program were less likely to avoid people with AIDS and were more compassionate toward them (p = 0.01). Changes in knowledge about modes of HIV transmission were associated with improvements in preventive knowledge (p 0.001). While there was no statistically significant overall effect on intended preventive behavior, the program appeared to delay the students' intended onset of sexual activity. The program was successful in increasing AIDS-related knowledge and improving attitudes toward people with AIDS.
AIDS 1995 Jul
PMID:Results of a model AIDS prevention program for high school students in the Philippines. 856 4

We describe the clinical characteristics, causes and response to treatment in 6 patients with AIDS who presented with abnormal movement disorders between January 1987 and July 1993 in our hospital, 3 with hemiballismus-hemichorea, 1 with athetosis, 1 myoclonia and 1 with "rubric" tremor. Brain imaging showed lesions in the corpus striatum in all the patients. Suspected diagnoses were cerebral toxoplasmosis in 4, cerebral lymphoma in 1 and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in 1. The toxoplasmosis patients showed improvement (2 cases) or disappearance (2 cases) of movements with antiparasitic therapy. Treatment provided no benefit to the patients with leukoencephalopathy and lymphoma. Hemiballismus-hemichorea was the most common movement disorder in AIDS patients. The underlying cause is usually lesions in the basal ganglia arising from toxoplasmosis. If the lesions are so caused, movements may improve with antiparasitic therapy.
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PMID:[Movement disorders and AIDS]. 865 95

A cross sectional anonymously administered questionnaire was used amongst 1689 secondary school girls and boys to determine their knowledge of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Their knowledge was found to be very low. While 80% could name an STD in an open question, only 16% could recognise the important symptoms of the common and treatable diseases such as gonorrhoea and syphilis. This finding is worrying in view of the fact that these common STDs facilitate transmission of HIV/AIDS. The awareness of AIDs was high but when it came to the mode of transmission of AIDS the large majority were not aware of the risk of intercourse with an infected person. Furthermore, despite an intensive AIDS awareness campaign programme mounted by the government of Zimbabwe a large number of students thought that one can contract HIV/AIDS by shaking hands, sharing a toilet and witchcraft. Misconceptions on transmission abound. The data show that there is a need to review strategies of disseminating information to teenagers regarding STD, including AIDS, reproductive biology, sexuality and contraception. The best strategy may be the introduction of a reproductive health education curriculum in all schools starting at an early age.
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PMID:Zimbabwean teenagers' knowledge of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. 918 89

Knowledge and attitudes about AIDS were investigated in a survey of 792 pregnant women recruited from three hospitals in Jaipur, India. Overall, 51.4% of respondents had heard of AIDS; of these, 70.5% knew that there is no cure for the disease. 44% identified prostitution and sexual promiscuity as risk factors for HIV, and 35% were aware that intravenous drug use is a risk factor. Common among pregnant women were misperceptions that HIV can be transmitted by kissing (21.3%), sharing eating utensils (20.3%), shaking hands (19.1%), and coughing or sneezing (19.4%). 98.7% believed that HIV-infected women should not breast feed. Only 6-12% of pregnant women could identify the signs and symptoms of AIDS. HIV prevention methods cited included health education (39.3%), condom use (36.9%), and sexual monogamy (39.3%). Finally, 38.1% of respondents believed AIDS patients should be helped, while 29.3% supported isolation to avoid disease spread. AIDS knowledge was significantly higher among the 485 pregnant women in the upper income group than the 307 low income women. However, misperceptions about HIV transmission were widespread among both groups of pregnant women, indicating a need for AIDS education programs targeted to pregnant women.
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PMID:Knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women regarding AIDS in a semi arid area of Rajasthan. 928 13


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