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This paper reports findings from a study of the knowledge and attitude toward AIDS of 738 secondary school youths in Calabar. Queried in March 1991, 10.3% of the respondents were under age 15, while 79.5% were aged 15-20. 92% had heard about AIDs, with 79-85% doing so through the mass media. The input of parents and teachers was noted in less than 40% of cases. 30% did not know AIDS existed in Nigeria. Most knew that promiscuity, blood transfusions, sharing injection needles and syringes are the major modes of transmission, yet some held that toilet seats, eating utensils, hand-shaking, and kissing are risk factors for contracting HIV. Only 31% were aware that condoms provide protection, so their use to that end was suggested by only 2.6%. Instead, 45% prefer to abstain and 19% choose to remain monogamous in order to protect themselves from HIV. To prevent the spread of AIDS, 37% recommended that cases be isolated, 34% recommended treatment, and 14% though cases should be executed. 77% and 63% responded that they would stop seeing, respectively, friends and relatives who develop AIDS. 61% were unaware that no cure exists for AIDS. In light of these findings, it is recommended that doctors in the community help disseminate accurate information with the support of parents, teachers, and youths.
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PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: education exposure, knowledge and attitude of Nigerian adolescents in Calabar. 128 69

The shaking method of harvesting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a powerful method of obtaining high titer, highly infective virus solutions. In this method infected cells are suspended in a small volume of liquid and the mixture is shaken. Viral infectivity, measured by tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) studies, rises faster than virus titer, as measured by reverse transcriptase levels. It is postulated that this disproportionate increase in infectivity results from improved infectivity for the virus particles obtained from shaking the infected cells. Of the five strains of HIV-1 studied (IIIB, AL1212, 906, RJ4029, and MN), one strain, MN, behaved differently than the others. Upon shaking, its virus titer increased 18-fold, as opposed to the 5-10 fold increase demonstrated by the other strains. These results may indicate that MN virions are retained more on the surface of the infected cells, rather than budding off into the surrounding medium, than other HIV-1 strains. In support of this theory it was found that ratios of immunofluorescence assay scores to reverse transcriptase levels were higher for MN than for other strains.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991 May
PMID:Shaking HIV-1 infected cells indicates novel behavior of MN strain. 171 47

The purpose of this investigation was to study the knowledge about HIV infection and AIDS among dental students in Helsinki, Finland, and in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. All respondents knew that HIV is not transmitted via hand-shaking, drinking water, or breathing air. More than half of the students in both countries did not know that HIV can be transmitted via breast-feeding. A higher proportion of students in Dar es Salaam than in Helsinki believed that all HIV-positive persons will get AIDS. Tanzanians recognized the early symptoms of HIV infection better than the Finnish students. Many students in both countries did not mention bisexual men as belonging to the high-risk group. Most of the dental students in Dar es Salaam but only one in five in Helsinki believed that dentists belong to the at-risk group.
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PMID:Dental students' knowledge of AIDS and HIV infection in Helsinki, Finland, and in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 205 32

Trimetrexate is a nonclassical antifol currently being tested for efficacy in cancer patients and as an antiparasitic agent against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients. We have now received the first reports of hypersensitivity reactions in Phase II cancer trials. Two types of reactions were noted. The most severe reaction, immediate hypotension with loss of consciousness, occurred in only one patient. Four other patients exhibited an immediate systemic effect with one or more of the following symptoms: facial flushing, fever, shaking, pruritus, bronchospasm, periorbital edema, and difficulty in swallowing. Immediate hypersensitivity should now be considered a known side effect of trimetrexate therapy, occurring in less than 2% of patients.
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PMID:Hypersensitivity reactions to trimetrexate. 214 1

As has been summarized above, the risk of casual contact transmission of HIV virus is remote. A review of these data should provide reassurance to both workers and management. No evidence exists for direct contact spread through shaking hands and nonsexual touching. There is also no evidence for indirect spread through contact with shared inanimate objects such as typewriters, telephones, computers, water fountains, rest rooms, dining facilities, exercise equipment, bathing facilities, spas, saunas, and swimming pools. In addition, there is no evidence to suggest the airborne spread of HIV, thus there should be no potential risk of transmission through air-conditioning units, air-handling systems, or by sharing the same office space with an infected individual. The fear of AIDS may lead to irrational beliefs and biased perceptions of risk. This, unfortunately, can sometimes lead to discriminatory and inhumane treatment of persons with AIDS. The best way to manage this potential problem in the workplace is through effective educational interventions.
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PMID:HIV infection risk to nonhealth-care workers. 227 Aug 27

This study presents the main clinical findings on 200 AIDS patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in the northern zone of Tanzania, with detailed neurological findings on 135 out of 200 cases and 53 controls. Results show that 21 out of 200 (10.5%) had an obvious focal neurological disorder, including cranial nerve palsies, hemiparesis and paraparesis. Ninety-seven out of 135 (72%) had less obviously detectable neurological disorders, versus 36% of controls (P less than 0.005). Most frequent were AIDS dementia complex (54%), retinopathy (23%), areflexia (21%), pyramidal tract signs (19%) and tremor and incoordination (19%). Frontal lobe release signs (FLRS) were found in 103 out of 135 (76%) patients, versus 36% of controls (P less than 0.005). Advanced and terminal AIDS cases were more likely to have neurological disorders than early AIDS patients. A further study on 87 non-AIDS patients with acute unexplained neurological disorders showed 10 out of 87 to be HIV seropositive. Three case studies are presented. This study suggests that neurological disorders are among the main clinical features of AIDS and HIV disease in Africa.
AIDS 1989 May
PMID:Neurological disorders in AIDS and HIV disease in the northern zone of Tanzania. 250 33

A yin-yang hypothesis is presented linking noradrenergic activity, thromboxane, melatonin, left hemisphere functioning, and cyclic AMP on the one hand, and dopamine, beta-endorphin, calcium, right hemisphere functioning, and cyclic GMP on the other. It is further suggested that there is a yoking of NA, TXA2, serotonin and melatonin in the left hemisphere, and a similar yoking of DA, BE, calcium and cGMP in the right. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that each element (NA, TXA2, etc.) on one side can modulate or balance a corresponding element (DA, BE, etc.) on the other. It is suggested that thromboxane is the key element in noradrenergic overactivity and that not taking this into consideration has confounded much prior research. This theory takes into account information processing models as well as pharmacological data and neurochemical theory on coupling of adenylate cyclase to its hormone receptors. Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity can be obtained by inhibiting thromboxane and concomitantly activating opiate receptors. This protocol may have clinical utility in treating a wide range of disorders such as: anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, sleeplessness, withdrawal states, enuresis, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Parkinsonism, Alzheimers, dementia, anorexia, infant ruminations, essential tremor, spasticity of spinal cord injury, diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis, extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, attention deficit disorder, hyperhidrosis, and possibly AIDS.
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PMID:Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity by inhibition of thromboxane and concomitant activation of opiate receptors via dietary means. 254 22

Of 70 autopsied patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 46 suffered progressive dementia that was frequently accompanied by motor and behavioral dysfunction. Impaired memory and concentration with psychomotor slowing represented the most common early presentation of this disorder, but in nearly one half of the patients either motor or behavioral changes predominated. Early motor deficits commonly included ataxia, leg weakness, tremor, and loss of fine-motor coordination, while behavioral disturbances were manifested most commonly as apathy or withdrawal, but occasionally as a frank organic psychosis. The course of the disease was steadily progressive in most patients, and at times was punctuated by an abrupt acceleration. However, in 20% of patients a more protracted indolent course was observed. In the most advanced stage of this disease, patients exhibited a stereotyped picture of severe dementia, mutism, incontinence, paraplegia, and in some cases, myoclonus. The high incidence and unique clinical presentation of this AIDS dementia complex is consistent with the emerging concept that this complication is due to direct brain infection by the retrovirus that causes AIDS.
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PMID:The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. 372 8

A patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with prochlorperazine and droperidol developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome, characterized by akinetic mutism, resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase. An identical syndrome reappeared with subsequent administration of haloperidol. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome has not been previously reported in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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PMID:Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 375 5

We studied seven patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) and movement disorders. Three had hemichorea-ballismus, two had segmental myoclonus, one had postural tremor with dystonia, and one had paroxysmal dystonia. Besides the hyperkinesias, two patients had parkinsonism, and one had cerebral Whipple's disease. In two, the movement disorder preceded other evidence of AIDS; in three others, the diagnosis of AIDS was not considered until there was a movement disorder. The movement disorders were attributed to toxoplasmosis in four patients (one confirmed at autopsy), viral encephalitis, vacuolar myelopathy, and CNS Whipple's disease.
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PMID:Movement disorders and AIDS. 379 36


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