UMLS:C0040586 - FACTA Search

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Query: UMLS:C0040586 (tracheobronchitis)
449 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A detailed study of a population of dogs with kennel cough was undertaken. Twenty-seven (77 per cent) of a total of 35 dogs had pathological evidence of respiratory disease in the form of tracheobronchitis with, in some animals, exudative pneumonia. A variety of viral and bacterial agents were isolated from the respiratory tract of diseased dogs but Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus SV-5 appeared to be the most significant organisms recovered.
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PMID:A study of dogs with kennel cough. 20 6

Eight collie-cross pups, eight weeks old, were inoculated intramuscularly with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted preparation of killed Bordetella bronchiseptica; the inoculation was repeated after two weeks. Two weeks after the second inoculation, the vaccinated dogs and a control group of four unvaccinated animals were placed in contact with a group of five pups of similar age which had been experimentally infected with a pathogenic strain of B bronchiseptica by an aerosol method. All four unvaccinated control dogs as well as all five experimentally infected dogs developed a respiratory disease characterised by persistent coughing. Six of the vaccinated dogs remained free from clinical respiratory disease while disease was less severe and of shorter duration in the remaining two than in controls. Only slight changes were found in the lungs of vaccinated animals at necropsy while in the controls there was a severe tracheobronchitis. There was a marked reduction in the numbers of B bronchiseptica isolated from the respiratory tract of vaccinated animals when compared with controls. An aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccine may be of value in controlling naturally occurring canine respiratory disease in which B bronchiseptica is involved.
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PMID:Vaccination against canine bordetellosis: protection from contact challenge. 68 92

Six collie dogs, eight weeks old, were inoculated intramuscularly with an aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted preparation of killed Bordetella bronchiseptica; the inoculation was repeated after two weeks. Two weeks after the second inoculation, the vaccinated dogs and a comparable group of six unvaccinated animals were challenged by exposure to an aerosol of pathogenic B bronchiseptica. All six unvaccinated control dogs developed respiratory disease characterised by persistent coughing. In contrast, four of the vaccinated dogs remained free from clinical respiratory disease while, in the other two dogs, disease was less severe and of shorter duration than in controls. At necropsy, there were only slight changes in the lungs of vaccinated dogs but in controls there was a severe tracheobronchitis with areas of exudative pneumonia. Bacteriological examination showed a marked reduction in the numbers of B bronchiseptica isolated from the respiratory tract of vaccinated animals compared with controls. An aluminium hydroxide adjuvant vaccine may be of value in controlling naturally occurring respiratory disease in dogs in which B bronchiseptica is involved.
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PMID:Vaccination against canine bordetellosis using an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant vaccine. 70 49

The AA. present the results obtained determining by the F.C. test the antibodies for respiraotry viruses and for Mycoplasma pneumoniae over 1112 patients, of which 742 affected with pathological respiratory processes, during the period 1971-1975. 104 patient have shown a significant correlation between respiratory disease and antibody movement for M. pneumoniae. They have been classified according to their clinical-radiological properties as follows: 38 affected with pneumonia; 37 affected with pleuritis; 29 affected with tracheobronchitis. Particularly interesting is the range of occurrence of the disease: we have noticed a high incidence in the period 1971-1972, followed by an almost complete disappearance of pathological instances in the period 1973-first semester of 1975, and signs of a new recrudescence in the second semester of 1975. These data have been confirmed also by investigations carried out among healthy people. It has also to be pointed out the possibility of family's epidemicity, and the AA. report two epidemic cases under personal observation.
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PMID:[The "mycoplasma pneumoniae" in pathological respiratory processes. Serological disease (author's transl)]. 103 80

Epidemiologic characteristics of childhood tracheobronchitis occurring over a 104-month period in Chapel Hill, NC, were ascertained and compared to those of other pediatric lower respiratory illness (LRI) syndromes. Tracheobronchitis accounted for 40% of all LRI seen at the community's only pediatric practice. Tracheobronchitis incidence was highest during the first two years of life, through the ratio of tracheobronchitis incidence to total LRI incidence increased with age. A viral pathogen or Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated from 23% of tracheobronchitis cases; the agents most commonly isolated were parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and M. pneumoniae. Influenza virus, particularly type B, was isolated more commonly in tracheobronchitis than in other LRI syndromes. Over all age groups, peak incidence of tracheobronchitis, like that of pneumonia and bronchiolitis, occurred during the winter months. In school-age children, however, tracheobronchitis incidence was more likely than that of other syndromes to be elevated in late winter or early spring, when several influenza B outbreaks occurred in Chapel Hill. Available evidence suggests that risk of chronic respiratory disease is related inversely to age at which acute respiratory infection first occurs, and that a component of wheezing may not be required to confer such risk. These considerations, coupled with the high incidence of tracheobronchitis early in life, warrant further description of this syndrome and assessment of its implications.
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PMID:The epidemiology of tracheobronchitis in pediatric practice. 679 94

Recent controlled clinical trials have confirmed the usefulness of aerosolized tobramycin in cystic fibrosis and have emphasized the importance of ensuring adequate lung delivery of inhaled antimicrobials. For purulent tracheobronchitis associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation it has recently been established that it is possible to deliver substantial and measurable doses of medications to the airway via aerosolization, but controlled studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of inhaled antibiotic therapy in this setting. However, prophylactic aerosolized antibiotic therapy in an intensive care unit setting may be counterproductive. Aerosolized pentamidine continues to provide prophylaxis against PCP in a substantial minority of subjects with human immunodeficiency virus infection who are intolerant of oral agents. The effectiveness of aerosolized amphotericin B as prophylaxis against aspergillosis in neutropenic patients needs to be evaluated in a large clinical trial. Zanamivir, an inhibitor of neuraminidase, delivered via inhalation, shows promise in the treatment of uncomplicated influenza infection, but more data are needed on its effectiveness and safety in patients with preexisting respiratory disease. The development of new chemical entities, more efficient delivery systems, and more precise measurement of dose-response and regional pulmonary drug distribution of inhaled antimicrobials suggest that this somewhat neglected topic in therapeutics may be about to receive an increased degree of attention.
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PMID:Inhaled antimicrobial therapy: from cystic fibrosis to the flu. 1130 34

In South Korea, where avian influenza virus subtypes H3N2, H5N1, H6N1, and H9N2 circulate or have been detected, 3 genetically similar canine influenza virus (H3N2) strains of avian origin (A/canine/Korea/01/2007, A/canine/Korea/02/2007, and A/canine/Korea/03/2007) were isolated from dogs exhibiting severe respiratory disease. To determine whether the novel canine influenza virus of avian origin was transmitted among dogs, we experimentally infected beagles with this influenza virus (H3N2) isolate. The beagles shed virus through nasal excretion, seroconverted, and became ill with severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis and bronchioalveolitis with accompanying clinical signs (e.g., high fever). Consistent with histologic observation of lung lesions, large amounts of avian influenza virus binding receptor (SAalpha 2,3-gal) were identified in canine tracheal, bronchial, and bronchiolar epithelial cells, which suggests potential for direct transmission of avian influenza virus (H3N2) from poultry to dogs. Our data provide evidence that dogs may play a role in interspecies transmission and spread of influenza virus.
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PMID:Transmission of avian influenza virus (H3N2) to dogs. 1843 55

Twelve normal monkeys inoculated on the mucous membranes of the nose or nose and mouth with a strain of Bacillus influenzae; originally isolated in pure culture from the pleural exudate of a case of empyema following influenzal pneumonia in man and subsequently raised in virulence by animal passage, developed an acute self-limited respiratory disease of from 3 to 5 days duration, characterized by sudden onset with profound prostration, the development of rhinitis and tracheobronchitis, with sneezing, cough, and the outpouring of a scanty mucoid, or mucopurulent exudate, a variable febrile reaction, and either a leucopenia or no significant change in the leucocyte count. This disease was complicated in five instances by purulent sinusitis of one or both antra, in three by bronchopneumonia. Bacillus influenzae was recovered at autopsy from the lesions of the disease either in pure culture or in association with organisms that are normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract of monkeys. Of ten normal monkeys injected intratracheally with the same strain of Bacillus influenzae, seven developed bronchopneumonia, two developed tracheobronchitis without pneumonia, and one resisted infection. The general symptoms and duration of the disease were similar to those of the preceding group. There were a severe cough and accelerated respirations. Bacillus influenzae was recovered in pure culture from the lungs, bronchi, or trachea in the animals killed during the active stage of the disease. It disappeared promptly from the respiratory tract with recovery. The significance of the first series of experiments in which monkeys were inoculated in the upper respiratory tract is twofold. First, they establish the fact that Bacillus influenzae can initiate in monkeys an acute infection of the normal mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract; that is, it can act as a primary incitant of respiratory infection without the assistance of a preceding or concomitant contributing cause. In this respect it differs radically from the pneumococcus and Streptococcus haemolyticus, since experiments previously reported(2, 4) have shown that neither of these organisms possesses the property of initiating an infection of the normal mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract of monkeys, even though the strains used were incalculably more virulent for monkeys than the strain of Bacillus influenzae used in the foregoing experiments. Secondly, the experiments show that Bacillus influenzae infection of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract may spread by continuity to the paranasal sinuses, setting up an acute sinusitis, that it spreads readily to the lower respiratory tract, producing a tracheobronchitis and permitting the ready invasion of secondary bacteria, and that it may penetrate as far as the terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, atria, and alveoli, there setting up a bronchiolitis and true bronchopneumonia. In these respects it likewise differs radically from the pneumococcus and Streptococcus haemolyticus which do not possess these pathogenic properties as previous experiments have shown.(2, 4) The bearing of these facts on the possible etiologic relation of Bacillus influenzae to influenza is important, since they show that Bacillus influenzae possesses certain definite primary pathogenic properties which distinguish it and therefore separate it from the group of recognized secondary organisms in influenzal complications, of which the pneumococcus and the streptococcus are the most frequent. The possible etiologic relation of Bacillus influenzae to influenza is further supported by the character of the respiratory disease that occurred in the monkeys. The sudden onset with profound prostration, the absence of leucocytosis or often a leucopenia, the congestion of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, the development on the 2nd or 3rd day of an irritative cough due to an inflammatory tracheitis or tracheobronchitis, the brief self-limited course of the infection, and the irregular febrile reactions are all characteristic of influenza. Many of these symptoms were in striking contrast with the symptoms and course of pneumococcus or streptococcus infections in monkeys in which there were no prostration at onset, invariable leucocytosis, and infrequent cough developing only late in the disease. While all the above features of the disease produced in monkeys are characteristic of influenza in man, none are pathognomonic and, in fact, it is doubtful whether uncomplicated influenza possesses any pathognomonic features by which it may be diagnosed certainly in the absence of an epidemic. Even during epidemic times many respiratory infections arise which, though presumably influenza, it is impossible to diagnose as such with certainty. Nor does pathology help in this respect, since there would appear to be no established distinctive lesions of uncomplicated influenza in man, nor for that matter of the complications of influenza, apart from the complications which have been ascribed by Pfeiffer,(5) MacCallum,(6) Wolbach,(7) and others to infection with Bacillus influenzae because of the association of Bacillus influenzae in pure culture with these complications. For these reasons, although the disease produced in monkeys appears to be essentially identical with influenza in man with respect to its clinical course and complications, it is impossible to determine certainly whether it is actually so. The experiments are advanced, therefore, as evidence in favor of the etiologic relation of Bacillus influenzae to influenza, though they do not permit of a definite conclusion in this respect. Their bearing upon the relation of Bacillus influenzae to certain of the complications of influenza would appear to be reasonably conclusive. The recovery of Bacillus influenzae in pure culture at autopsy from the antra, from the trachea and bronchi, and from the lungs in some of the animals developing sinusitis, bronchiolitis, and a characteristic type of bronchopneumonia confirms by animal experiment the etiologic relation of Bacillus influenzae to these complications of influenza, which hitherto has rested solely upon the frequent association of the influenza bacillus with these lesions in man. The production of tracheobronchitis and the same type of bronchopneumonia by the intratracheal injection of Bacillus influenzae in the second series of experiments serves as additional confirmation of this, but has no direct bearing on the etiologic relation of Bacillus influenzae to uncomplicated influenzae.
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PMID:STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA : IX. PRODUCTION IN MONKEYS OF AN ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISEASE RESEMBLING INFLUENZA BY INOCULATION WITH BACILLUS INFLUENZAE. 1986 70

Bordetella bronchiseptica, a gram-negative coccobacillus, is a common veterinary pathogen. In both domestic and wild animals, this bacterium causes respiratory infections including infectious tracheobronchitis in dogs and atrophic rhinitis in swine. Human infections are rare and have been documented in immunocompromised hosts. Here, we describe an extremely-low-birth-weight infant with B. bronchiseptica pneumonia. This is the first report that describes the microorganism's responsibility in causing nosocomial infection in a preterm neonate. He recovered uneventfully after a course of meropenem. It is possible that the bacteria colonize the respiratory tracts of our health care workers or parents who may have had contact with pets and then transmitted the bacterium to our patient. Follow-up until 21 months of age showed normal growth and development. He did not suffer from any significant residual respiratory disease.
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PMID:Bordetella bronchiseptica Pneumonia in an Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight Neonate. 2370 92

France has recently witnessed a nationwide outbreak of measles. Data on severe forms of measles in adults are lacking. We sought to describe the epidemiologic, clinical, treatment, and prognostic aspects of the disease in adult patients who required admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of 36 adults admitted to a total of 64 ICUs throughout France for complications of measles from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2011. All cases of measles were confirmed by serologic testing and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.The cohort consisted of 21 male and 15 female patients, with a median age of 29.2 years (25th-75th interquartile range [IQR], 27.2-34.2 yr) and a median Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) of 13 (IQR, 9-18). Among the 26 patients whose measles vaccination status was documented, none had received 2 injections. One patient had developed measles during childhood. Underlying comorbid conditions included chronic respiratory disease in 9 patients, immunosuppression in 7 patients, and obesity in 3 patients, while measles affected 5 pregnant women.Respiratory complications induced by measles infection led to ICU admission in 32 cases, and measles-related neurologic complications led to ICU admission in 2 cases. Two patients were admitted due to concurrent respiratory and neurologic complications.Bacterial superinfection of measles-related airway infection was suspected in 28 patients and was documented in 8. Four cases of community-acquired pneumonia, 6 cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1 case of tracheobronchitis, and 2 cases of sinusitis were microbiologically substantiated.Of 11 patients who required mechanical ventilation, 9 developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Among the patients with ARDS, extraalveolar air leak complications occurred in 4 cases. Five patients died, all of whom were severely immunocompromised.On follow-up, 1 patient had severe chronic respiratory failure related to lung fibrosis, and 2 patients had mild lower limb paraparesis along with bladder dysfunction, both of which were ascribable to measles-induced encephalitis and myelitis. Among the 5 pregnant patients, the course of measles infection was uneventful, albeit 1 patient underwent emergent cesarean delivery because of fetal growth restriction.Measles is a disease with protean and potentially deceptive clinical manifestations, especially in the immunocompromised patient. Measles-associated pneumonitis and its complications, and less commonly postinfectious encephalomyelitis, are the main source of morbidity and mortality. In contrast with the usually benign course of the disease in immunocompetent patients, measles occurring in immunocompromised patients gives rise to lethal complications including ARDS, with or without bacterial superinfection. Other patients potentially at high risk for severe measles are young adults and pregnant women. Measles pneumonitis may predispose to air leak disease in patients using mechanical ventilation. To date, vaccination remains the most potent tool to control measles infection.
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PMID:Severe Measles Infection: The Spectrum of Disease in 36 Critically Ill Adult Patients. 2398 57

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