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Query: UMLS:C0040586 (tracheobronchitis)
 449 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Branhamella catarrhalis, a normal commensal of the oropharynx, is increasingly recognized as an important cause of bronchitis and bacterial pneumonia. Six patients with B. catarrhalis pneumonia documented by transtracheal aspirate or blood culture were studied, and 429 previously reported cases of B. catarrhalis bronchitis and pneumonia were reviewed. The mean age of patients with B. catarrhalis infection was 64.8 years, and preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was common. The typical clinical picture was that of purulent tracheobronchitis; patients with pneumonia were not severely ill and differed from those with bronchitis mainly by the presence of patchy lower-lobe infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. Fifty-three percent of reported strains produced beta-lactamase. Thirty-nine percent of the cultures were mixed, predominantly with Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The microbiologic, immunologic, and clinical features of B. catarrhalis infection, as well as the antimicrobial susceptibilities of this organism, were reviewed. The reasons for the lack of recognition of this common pathogen and possible solutions were considered.
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PMID:Branhamella catarrhalis respiratory infections. 312 1

Paranasal sinusitis is an important source of sepsis and morbidity in head injury victims and requires aggressive pursuit and therapy. Of 208 head-injured patients, 24 developed paranasal sinusitis. The Glasgow Coma Scale score of the sinusitis patients was 7.1 +/- 3.9. Nineteen patients were intubated nasotracheally, and five were intubated orally. Sinus air fluid levels, indicative of bleeding into the sinus, were seen on 17 initial computed tomographic scans. Maxillary sinus suppuration occurred in 23 patients; in 20 it was the initial sinus involved. Twenty-one patients developed polymicrobial sinusitis. Coexisting infections were common. In 15 patients with concurrent tracheobronchitis or pneumonia, organisms identical to those in sinus aspirations were recovered from the sputum. Seven patients had associated bacteremia. Meningitis in six patients shared a common pathogen with their sinusitis. Nonoperative management successfully resolved sinus infection in 19 cases. Five patients required open sinusotomy.
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PMID:Clinical characteristics of nosocomial sinusitis. 368 59

A 37-year-old female patient reported marked weight loss, prolonged alopecia, recurrent infections and watery diarrhoea. Examination revealed Salmonella infection, candidiasis and immunological signs of previous toxoplasmosis. Between 1978 and 1981, the patient had had close sexual relations to a patient with haemophilia A. Due to this fact, AIDS was suspected. Serological tests for HIV were not available at the time. The findings in DNA image cytometry (nuclear DNA inclusion bodies, polyploid lymphocyte nuclei and binuclear lymphocytes) suggested a viral infection of the lymphoid cells. Electron microscopy revealed in hepatocytes and cerebral cells intranuclear inclusion bodies whose size and contents were not compatible with an infection caused by cytomegalovirus, herpes virus or Epstein-Barr virus. In autopsy, infections of various organ systems such as pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, urocystitis, pyelonephritis, Candida oesophagitis and enteritis were found.
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PMID:[AIDS in a woman having had sexual relations with a patient with hemophilia A. Characteristic findings in DNA image cytometry]. 379 20

The most important lower respiratory infection is pneumonia, the fourth leading cause of death. Most cases of bronchitis are of viral etiology and are not major problems. Empyema can present an important problem in management. Although the diagnosis of pneumonia is usually relatively straightforward, the specific etiologic diagnosis remains a major problem. Availability of empyema fluid or a positive blood culture result can be helpful in making the etiologic diagnosis, but these are unavailable in most patients. Screening of sputum Gram stains under 100 X magnification is very important; there should be fewer than 10 squamous epithelial cells, more than 25 polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or both per field of this size. The major causes of pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, anaerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, various gram-negative aerobic or facultative bacilli and Legionella. However, many other organisms are capable of causing pneumonia, even in the immunocompetent host. Further adding to the problem is the fact that a number of different organisms are manifesting increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Our study with ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid included seven patients with pneumonia, one with empyema, and one with purulent tracheobronchitis. Organisms recovered from pleural fluid, transtracheal aspiration and sputum or tracheostomy aspirate included multiple anaerobes, pneumococci, S. aureus, Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. ozaenae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Neisseria meningitidis and Branhamella catarrhalis. Several of the organisms were ticarcillin resistant. Eight of the patients had cures and the other patient showed improvement. Only minor side-effects were encountered--Coombs' positivity (without hemolysis), eosinophilia, drug fever and one case of questionable neutropenia.
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PMID:Lower respiratory tract infection. 407 97

Cefmenoxime was evaluated in an open trial consisting of 41 patients. Forty infections in 36 patients could be evaluated. Thirteen patients had pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli (two bacteremic), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Streptococcus faecalis; all improved and 12 of 13 were clinically cured, but one relapse (S. faecalis) occurred at two weeks. Six patients with cystitis due to E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, P. aeruginosa, or S. faecalis all improved, but relapse or reinfection, or both, occurred in five due to P. aeruginosa, S. faecalis, C. fruendii, or E. coli. Neurogenic bladder or other complications were present in five of 13 patients with pyelonephritis and five of six with cystitis. Ten patients with pneumonia and one with tracheobronchitis due to Hemophilus influenzae, S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, or Neisseria meningitidis all improved and seven had resolution without relapse, but P. aeruginosa emerged in two patients, one of whom died. Eight soft tissue infections due to Staphylococcus aureus, Peptococcus prevotti, Streptococcus species, or infections of mixed origin resolved in six. Sterility of blood cultures was obtained in one patient with endocarditis due to S. anginosus, but other therapy was substituted. Clinical resolution of the toxic shock syndrome and subsequent negative endocervical cultures for S. aureus occurred in one. Granulocytopenia of unverified cause in four (with less than 1,500 mm3) and two (with less than 2,000 mm3) was reversible. Headache during treatment occurred in six patients and a possible disulfiram-like effect in three. Elevations of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase occurred in five, Coombs' positivity in two, and diarrhea in three. Clinical efficacy of cefmenoxime was significant. Possible side effects require further study.
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PMID:Cefmenoxime: clinical evaluation. 609 26

Some investigators have suggested that nontypable Haemophilus influenzae isolated from sputum of adults with pneumonia are variant forms of typable H influenzae that have lost their capsule during passage in vitro. We examined colonies of both typable and nontypable H influenzae after they had been grown in vitro, as well as bronchopulmonary secretions from patients with pneumonia or acute, purulent tracheobronchitis due to H influenzae; electron microscopy combined with ruthenium-red staining was used to detect the presence of capsular glycocalyx. H influenzae types a, b, and e', whether grown in vitro or observed directly in bronchopulmonary secretions, had readily detectable capsular glycocalyx external to the cell membrane. In contrast, non-typable H influenzae appeared to be unencapsulated after cultivation in vitro or when directly visualized in bronchopulmonary secretions of infected patients.
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PMID:Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae are unencapsulated both in vivo and in vitro. 620 5

A patient with no evidence of underlying malignancy or immunosuppression was found to have herpetic tracheobronchitis by bronchial brushing cytologic examination and bronchial biopsy. Herpes simplex type I antigens were localized in infected cells by means of the unlabeled antibody enzyme technique. Occasional cases of herpes simplex viral tracheobronchitis or pneumonitis have been reported in patients with severe burns or with malignancy. This is an unusual finding in otherwise health individuals.
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PMID:Herpetic tracheobronchitis: immunohistologic demonstration of herpes simplex virus antigen. 628 34

The etiology and epidemiology of croup were studied in a pediatric group practice over an 11-year period, 1964 to 1975. Croup was diagnosed in 951 instances in 6,165 cases of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) studied. As census figures of the practice clientele were available, attack rates were calculated. The incidence of total LRI was highest in the first year of life. In contrast, the attack rate for croup was highest in the second year of life; the rate declined gradually after that age. Croup was not diagnosed in the first month of life. Boys were 1.43 times more likely to develop croup than were girls. Three hundred sixty agents were isolated from the 951 croup cases. The parainfluenza viruses accounted for 74.2% of all isolates; 65% of the parainfluenza isolates were classified as parainfluenza virus type 1. Respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses A and B, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were the only other agents isolated in appreciable numbers. The propensity of various agents to produce croup symptoms in children with LRI due to specific microorganisms was 58% for parainfluenzae type 1,60% for parainfluenzae type 2, and 29% for parainfluenzae type 3; similar figures for the other agents varied from 5% to 16%. The role of the various agents in the etiology of croup varied with patient age and depended on the propensity of the agent to produce the croup syndrome and the frequency of isolation of the agent at that age. The parainfluenza viruses were the most important croup agents at all ages; respiratory syncytial virus caused croup in children less than 5 years of age whereas the influenza viruses and M pneumoniae were significant causes of croup only in children more than 5 to 6 years old. Croup occurred predominately in late fall and early winter, times when the parainfluenza viruses, especially type 1, occurred most frequently. The epidemiology of croup differs from that of bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and tracheobronchitis; knowledge of this should be helpful to the clinician caring for children with LRI.
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PMID:Croup: an 11-year study in a pediatric practice. 630 11

Two fixed trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations were compared in a clinical trial for their effectiveness and safety in the treatment of patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections (pneumonia, bronchopenumonia, purulent tracheobronchitis, ect.). 46 in-patients were randomly allocated to Kelfiprim (trimethoprim 250 mg + sulfalene (sulfamethopyrazine) 200 mg) or to co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim 320 mg + sulfamethoxazole 1600 mg) and were treated for 1-2 weeks under double-blind conditions. Assessment of effectiveness was based on daily follow-up of subjective and objective signs and symptoms, on changes in X-ray picture, and on microbiological and laboratory findings. Response to therapy was excellent or good in 86% of patients receiving Kelfiprim and in 79% of those given cotrimoxazole. Transient side-effects were observed in three patients under Kelfiprim (two allergic reactions and one G.I. complaint) and in one under co-trimoxazole (altered kidney function).
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PMID:Double-blind co-operative trial to compare trimethoprim-sulfalene and co-trimoxazole in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. 636 76

Virus-specific lymphocyte transformation (LTF) activity in vitro was examined in 78 infants with various forms of illness due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. In 73 subjects with lower respiratory tract disease, significant LTF activity was often detected within one week after onset of initial symptoms, and responses characteristic for each clinical form were observed in the subsequent rise. Thus, mean activity in subjects with tracheobronchitis increased gradually, with the maximum response being detected at the fourth week after the onset of illness. In subjects with pneumonia the response was rather low during the first week of illness, and then a sharp increase of activity was observed at the second week. Although patients with bronchiolitis elicited similar levels of the activity until the first week, the response was significantly suppressed during the subsequent two weeks. The response at the second week in this group was significantly lower than those of corresponding specimens obtained from patients with pneumonia (p less than 0.01) or tracheobronchitis (p less than 0.05), suggesting a close association of the responsiveness with underlying mechanisms of bronchiolitis induced by RSV. The present study further indicated a possibility that breast-feeding of RSV-infected infants may alter levels of the LTF activity in these subjects.
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PMID:Cellular immune response to infection with respiratory syncytial virus and influence of breast-feeding on the response. 651 9


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