Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040586 (tracheobronchitis)
 449 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In an open study, 70 in-patients and 23 out-patients aged between 1 and 14 years with sinusitis (n = 1), perforated otitis media (n = 4), pharyngotonsillitis (n = 25), tracheobronchitis (n = 30) or broncho-pneumonia (n = 33) were treated daily with a combination of 40 mg/kg amoxycillin and 10 mg/kg clavulanic acid in three equal doses for between 6 and 15 days. Purulent specimens were cultured when obtainable and pathogenic organisms identified were Staphylococcus aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococcal group A, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudococcus species and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, of which 45.7% were beta-lactamase-producing and 54.3% were ampicillin-susceptible. After treatment, only one beta-lactamase-producing Streptococcus and one Staphylococcus infection persisted. Side-effects (vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, maculopapular exanthema, rash) occurred in 16 patients and treatment was withdrawn in eight. It is concluded that the amoxycillin--clavulanic acid combination is a suitable first choice for the treatment of respiratory tract infections in children in whom the pathogenic organism may not have been established.
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PMID:Treatment of respiratory tract infections in children: a study of a combination of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid. 222 80

Aspiration, or soiling of the tracheobronchial tree, can produce life-threatening pulmonary disease. Intermittent or persistent aspiration may cause symptoms including cough, intermittent fever, recurrent tracheobronchitis, atelectasis, pneumonia, and/or empyema. The pulmonary disease may be associated with weight loss, cachexia, and dehydration. In many cases the aspiration is caused by laryngeal dysfunction, allowing pulmonary contamination by swallowed material. In other cases the aspiration is caused by a dysfunction of the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal phases of swallowing. In some cases the aspiration is caused by a combination of laryngeal and swallowing dysfunction. Geriatric patients are more likely to experience aspiration, since muscle weakness causing mechanical disability and neurologic impairment are more common in this age group. Therefore, with the ever-increasing aging of our population, these disabilities will be on the rise, with an associated increase in pulmonary disease and death. The approach to evaluation and management of these disorders must be based on an understanding of the underlying functional impairment.
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PMID:Approaches to the patient with aspiration and swallowing disabilities. 224 88

This study focused on 401 children less than 5 years old who were hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) and diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and who were investigated for the presence of both bacterial and viral respiratory tract pathogens as well as for selected diarrheal pathogens. The most common manifestations of ALRI were pneumonia (374 cases), bronchiolitis (12 cases), and tracheobronchitis (11 cases). The majority (77%) of the illnesses were in children less than 2 years of age, and 88% of the children were malnourished. A respiratory tract pathogen was identified in 30% of the patients, and a diarrheal pathogen was identified in 34%. The overall case-fatality rate in children with ALRI and diarrhea was 8%. The case-fatality rate was 14% in children with bacterial pneumonia and diarrhea, 3% in those with viral pneumonia and diarrhea, and 14% in malnourished children with shigellosis and ALRI. The most common respiratory tract pathogens were respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza viruses, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.
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PMID:Acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized patients with diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. 227 Apr 12

Antibody to the non-serotype-specific cell wall polysaccharide (CWPS) of Streptococcus pneumoniae has been said to confer a degree of non-serotype-specific protection against pneumococcal infection. The hypothesis underlying the present study was that if this antibody is protective, relatively higher levels are likely to be detected in patients who are colonized by pneumococci but do not have infection, those who have febrile bronchitis but do not have pneumonia, and those who have pneumococcal pneumonia but are not bacteremic. Mean IgG reactive with CWPS by ELISA in 15 healthy young adults was 43.9 micrograms/ml and in 126 randomly selected hospital patients of all ages was 41.9 micrograms/ml. In subjects with chronic bronchitis with or without known pneumococcal carriage, mean anti-CWPS IgG was 87.7 micrograms/ml. In three groups of patients (3 with acute purulent tracheobronchitis, 13 with nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, and 14 with S. pneumoniae bacteremia) at the time of admission, mean antibody levels were essentially identical, 104.9-110.1 micrograms/ml. The data suggest that naturally present anti-CWPS IgG does not protect against the evolution of acute pneumococcal infection from colonization to acute purulent bronchitis, from bronchitis to pneumonia, or from pneumonia to bacteremia.
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PMID:Does naturally acquired IgG antibody to cell wall polysaccharide protect human subjects against pneumococcal infection? 231 67

Branhamella catarrhalis is an important cause of acute sinusitis and otitis media in children and of acute tracheobronchitis in older persons with underlying chronic lung disease or a suppressed immune system. Clinical presentation of B catarrhalis infection varies from a mild, self-limiting disease to severe pneumonia, but most cases are mild to moderate in severity. Infection occurs sporadically, and endogenous spread from the oropharynx is the likely mechanism. The keys to diagnosis are a high index of clinical suspicion, correct interpretation of Gram's stain of sputum, and subsequent confirmation on culture. Because most strains of B catarrhalis produce beta lactamase, antibiotics that resist beta-lactamase production, eg, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Augmentin), erythromycin, ciprofloxacin (Cipro), are recommended. Mild infections can be self-limiting and may not require antibiotic therapy.
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PMID:Branhamella infections. An increasingly common respiratory illness. 249 49

Isolates of Branhamella catarrhalis from 13 patients with pneumonia, 6 patients with tracheobronchitis, and 8 patients who were colonized with the organism were studied with respect to susceptibility to the bactericidal action of normal human serum (NHS), glass slide hemagglutination (HA) of group O human erythrocytes, beta-lactamase production, and susceptibility to selected antimicrobial agents and laboratory drugs. A total of 18 of 27 isolates were serum resistant, 22 of 27 produced HA, and 21 of 27 were beta-lactamase positive. Statistically significant correlations were found between susceptibility to NHS and susceptibility to trypsin (r = +0.47; P = 0.01) and between susceptibility to NHS and HA (r = -0.48; P = 0.009). Significant correlations were also observed among several pairs of antimicrobial drugs. Analysis of variance showed that mean ampicillin MICs correlated with isolate group (r = -0.49; P = 0.03) in that the pneumonia isolates had higher MICs. Some phenotypic characteristics appeared to be independent of each other. These data suggest that important differences exist among clinically significant B. catarrhalis strains and that these differences may be due to differences in the cell wall envelope of the organism.
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PMID:Phenotypic characteristics of Branhamella catarrhalis strains. 250 53

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pathogen of the human species which causes primarily acute respiratory diseases including pneumonia. It is transmitted from person through the respiration, and results in small epidemics. Most infected persons only develop pharyngitis or tracheobronchitis, whereas pneumonia develops in 3-30% depending on the age and characteristics of the evaluated group. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the causative organism of 20% of community acquired pneumonias in the general population; this proportion rises to 60% in closed groups and in individuals below age 20 years. Two cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia identified in a single family are reported, together with a case of tracheobronchitis most likely caused by the same organism. The clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive approaches to the mycoplasma infections are discussed, and also the therapeutic approach to be recommended, in primary care, to young patients with pneumonia.
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PMID:[Familial outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia]. 251 59

Eighteen patients 2 months to 11 years of age with culture proven bacterial infections were treated with parenteral ticarcillin/clavulanic acid in a noncomparative study. Seven patients had pneumonia, two had tracheobronchitis, three had soft tissue abscess, two had periorbital cellulitis, three had urinary tract infection and one had purulent bursitis. Four of the 18 were bacteremic. Organisms treated included Staphylococcus aureus (6), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5), Haemophilus influenzae (2), Branhamella catarrhalis (2), Escherichia coli (1), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1), Streptococcus pyogenes (1) and Serratia marcescens (1). Thirteen of 15 (87%) organisms tested were beta-lactamase positive. Therapy was given intravenously in six doses per day at 310 mg/kg. Duration of treatment ranged from 5 to 28 (mean 11) days, with an average time of 4 days to clinical improvement. Seventeen patients (94%) were clinically cured. One patient with recurrent aspiration pneumonia due to mixed infection with multiple gram-negative enteric bacilli failed therapy. Adverse effects were minimal and transient. Notably, mild to moderate thrombocytosis occurred in four (22%) patients that resolved uneventfully. We conclude that ticarcillin/clavulanic acid is safe and effective therapy for serious infections in hospitalized children.
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PMID:Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid combination. Treatment of bacterial infections in hospitalized children. 280 57

Cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI, T-2588), a new oral cephalosporin antibiotic, was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in children. Fifty-three patients with bacterial infections were treated with 8.3 to 21.8 mg/kg/day of CFTM-PI. The drug was very effective (efficacy rate 98.1%) in pharyngitis, otitis media, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia and skin infections. The antibacterial potency was very good against Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and was comparable with cephalexin against Staphylococcus aureus. No severe adverse reaction was encountered with the CFTM-PI therapy. The data suggest that CFTM-PI is a safe and effective antibiotic when used in children with susceptible bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefteram pivoxil in the pediatric field]. 281 Jul 44

The increasing number of beta-lactam antibiotic-resistant infections has led to the development of an alternative treatment: the combination of a beta-lactam antibiotic with an irreversible, suicide-type, beta-lactamase inhibitor. Such a combination, sulbactam/ampicillin, was used in clinical trials at 4 European and 1 American centres to treat severely ill patients with lower respiratory tract infections including bronchiectasis, pneumonia and purulent tracheobronchitis. The sulbactam/ampicillin combination was assessed for safety, efficacy and tolerance in a total of 91 patients. Investigators from all 5 centres reported satisfactory bacteriological and clinical results. The combination agent either cured or improved the condition of virtually all patients who were evaluated. The few side effects reported mainly involved pain at the injection site. A review of these studies indicates that therapy with sulbactam/ampicillin effectively treats lower respiratory tract infections in severely ill patients without causing serious adverse reactions.
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PMID:Sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of lower respiratory infections. 306 54


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