Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040586 (tracheobronchitis)
 449 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Incidence of respiratory tract infection represents 23% of the total number of admissions between 1-24 months of age, during a period of 18 months. The diagnosis were: bronchiolities, 143 cases; bronchopneumonia, 134 cases; tracheobronchitis, 50 cases; laryngitis, four cases, and bacterial pneumonia, 61 cases. Monthly incidence was maximal in December of each year. From the total group, 144 cases were included in the present study to determine etiology of the infection. In 19% of the cases a serological diagnosis was posible. The adenovirus group was the most frequently found, followed by mycoplasma pneumoniae, parainfluenza 2, RS virus and M. parotiditis. RS virus was associated with a clinical picture of bronchopneumonia, mycoplasma pneumoniae with one of bronchiolitis and adenovirus was indistinctly associated with features either bronchopneumonia or bronchiolitis. In two cases it was detected a mixed infection by two virus: influenza 2 and mycoplasma pneumoniae. In four cases a bacterial surinfection was demonstrated: in two cases with coagulase-positive staphilococus and other two with klebsiella pneumoniae.
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PMID:[Etiology of acute respiratory infection in hospitalized children (author's transl)]. 19 20

The AA. present the results obtained determining by the F.C. test the antibodies for respiraotry viruses and for Mycoplasma pneumoniae over 1112 patients, of which 742 affected with pathological respiratory processes, during the period 1971-1975. 104 patient have shown a significant correlation between respiratory disease and antibody movement for M. pneumoniae. They have been classified according to their clinical-radiological properties as follows: 38 affected with pneumonia; 37 affected with pleuritis; 29 affected with tracheobronchitis. Particularly interesting is the range of occurrence of the disease: we have noticed a high incidence in the period 1971-1972, followed by an almost complete disappearance of pathological instances in the period 1973-first semester of 1975, and signs of a new recrudescence in the second semester of 1975. These data have been confirmed also by investigations carried out among healthy people. It has also to be pointed out the possibility of family's epidemicity, and the AA. report two epidemic cases under personal observation.
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PMID:[The "mycoplasma pneumoniae" in pathological respiratory processes. Serological disease (author's transl)]. 103 80

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pathogen of the human species which causes primarily acute respiratory diseases including pneumonia. It is transmitted from person through the respiration, and results in small epidemics. Most infected persons only develop pharyngitis or tracheobronchitis, whereas pneumonia develops in 3-30% depending on the age and characteristics of the evaluated group. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the causative organism of 20% of community acquired pneumonias in the general population; this proportion rises to 60% in closed groups and in individuals below age 20 years. Two cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia identified in a single family are reported, together with a case of tracheobronchitis most likely caused by the same organism. The clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive approaches to the mycoplasma infections are discussed, and also the therapeutic approach to be recommended, in primary care, to young patients with pneumonia.
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PMID:[Familial outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia]. 251 59

The most important lower respiratory infection is pneumonia, the fourth leading cause of death. Most cases of bronchitis are of viral etiology and are not major problems. Empyema can present an important problem in management. Although the diagnosis of pneumonia is usually relatively straightforward, the specific etiologic diagnosis remains a major problem. Availability of empyema fluid or a positive blood culture result can be helpful in making the etiologic diagnosis, but these are unavailable in most patients. Screening of sputum Gram stains under 100 X magnification is very important; there should be fewer than 10 squamous epithelial cells, more than 25 polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or both per field of this size. The major causes of pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, anaerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, various gram-negative aerobic or facultative bacilli and Legionella. However, many other organisms are capable of causing pneumonia, even in the immunocompetent host. Further adding to the problem is the fact that a number of different organisms are manifesting increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Our study with ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid included seven patients with pneumonia, one with empyema, and one with purulent tracheobronchitis. Organisms recovered from pleural fluid, transtracheal aspiration and sputum or tracheostomy aspirate included multiple anaerobes, pneumococci, S. aureus, Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. ozaenae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Neisseria meningitidis and Branhamella catarrhalis. Several of the organisms were ticarcillin resistant. Eight of the patients had cures and the other patient showed improvement. Only minor side-effects were encountered--Coombs' positivity (without hemolysis), eosinophilia, drug fever and one case of questionable neutropenia.
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PMID:Lower respiratory tract infection. 407 97

The etiology and epidemiology of croup were studied in a pediatric group practice over an 11-year period, 1964 to 1975. Croup was diagnosed in 951 instances in 6,165 cases of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) studied. As census figures of the practice clientele were available, attack rates were calculated. The incidence of total LRI was highest in the first year of life. In contrast, the attack rate for croup was highest in the second year of life; the rate declined gradually after that age. Croup was not diagnosed in the first month of life. Boys were 1.43 times more likely to develop croup than were girls. Three hundred sixty agents were isolated from the 951 croup cases. The parainfluenza viruses accounted for 74.2% of all isolates; 65% of the parainfluenza isolates were classified as parainfluenza virus type 1. Respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses A and B, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were the only other agents isolated in appreciable numbers. The propensity of various agents to produce croup symptoms in children with LRI due to specific microorganisms was 58% for parainfluenzae type 1,60% for parainfluenzae type 2, and 29% for parainfluenzae type 3; similar figures for the other agents varied from 5% to 16%. The role of the various agents in the etiology of croup varied with patient age and depended on the propensity of the agent to produce the croup syndrome and the frequency of isolation of the agent at that age. The parainfluenza viruses were the most important croup agents at all ages; respiratory syncytial virus caused croup in children less than 5 years of age whereas the influenza viruses and M pneumoniae were significant causes of croup only in children more than 5 to 6 years old. Croup occurred predominately in late fall and early winter, times when the parainfluenza viruses, especially type 1, occurred most frequently. The epidemiology of croup differs from that of bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and tracheobronchitis; knowledge of this should be helpful to the clinician caring for children with LRI.
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PMID:Croup: an 11-year study in a pediatric practice. 630 11

Epidemiologic characteristics of childhood tracheobronchitis occurring over a 104-month period in Chapel Hill, NC, were ascertained and compared to those of other pediatric lower respiratory illness (LRI) syndromes. Tracheobronchitis accounted for 40% of all LRI seen at the community's only pediatric practice. Tracheobronchitis incidence was highest during the first two years of life, through the ratio of tracheobronchitis incidence to total LRI incidence increased with age. A viral pathogen or Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated from 23% of tracheobronchitis cases; the agents most commonly isolated were parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and M. pneumoniae. Influenza virus, particularly type B, was isolated more commonly in tracheobronchitis than in other LRI syndromes. Over all age groups, peak incidence of tracheobronchitis, like that of pneumonia and bronchiolitis, occurred during the winter months. In school-age children, however, tracheobronchitis incidence was more likely than that of other syndromes to be elevated in late winter or early spring, when several influenza B outbreaks occurred in Chapel Hill. Available evidence suggests that risk of chronic respiratory disease is related inversely to age at which acute respiratory infection first occurs, and that a component of wheezing may not be required to confer such risk. These considerations, coupled with the high incidence of tracheobronchitis early in life, warrant further description of this syndrome and assessment of its implications.
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PMID:The epidemiology of tracheobronchitis in pediatric practice. 679 94

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major cause of tracheobronchitis and pneumonia in older children and young adults. The lack of adequate tools for genetic analysis has hindered the elucidation of function and regulation of mycoplasma virulence determinants. We describe here the use of a transposon vector to deliver the cloned gene for the cytadherence-associated protein HMW1 in M. pneumoniae. A 4.95 kbp BamHI fragment encoding all but the C-terminal end of HMW1 was cloned into a modified Tn4001 and transformed into wild-type M. pneumoniae and into a non-cytadhering mutant lacking HMW1-HMW5. Southern blot hybridizations confirmed insertion of the transposon and the presence of both the resident and recombinant hmw1 alleles. Analysis by Western immunoblotting revealed a truncated HMW1 (HMW1') in the transformants, the level of HMW1' being dependent upon the orientation of the hmw1 gene in the transposon and the site of insertion. Similar expression patterns were noted in wild-type and mutant backgrounds. However, expression of wild-type levels of HMW1' in the mutant did not restore adherence. Finally, HMW4 and HMW1 were shown to be products of the same gene, HMW4 being a heat-modified derivative of HMW1.
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PMID:Expression in Mycoplasma pneumoniae of the recombinant gene encoding the cytadherence-associated protein HMW1 and identification of HMW4 as a product. 883 Feb 65

The experience with ofloxacin used for 10 years from 1986 to 1995 in the complex therapy of 208 patients with wound infection complicated in 51 patients (24.5 per cent) by respiratory tract infection such as purulent tracheobronchitis or pleuropneumonia was generalized. In 28 patients (13.5 per cent) persistent bacteriuria not susceptible to the routine drugs was stated. The clinical and bacteriological efficacies of ofloxacin in the group of the patients with noncomplicated purulent wounds of the soft tissues amounted to 85-91 and 74-80 per cent respectively. In the group of the patients with wound infection complicated by respiratory or urinary tract infection the clinical and bacteriological efficacies equaled 94-100 per cent. The appetite disorder, epigastric pain or nausea were rare. Only in 3 cases the adverse reactions required the treatment discontinuation. Despite the use of ofloxacin for many years, the susceptibility of the main causative agents of surgical infections to the drug remained high: Staphylococcus epidermidis 93.3 per cent, Staph.aureus 94.5 per cent, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 96.5 per cent, Escherichia coll 100 per cent, Proteus spp. 100 per cent, Enterobacter spp. 100 per cent, Acinetobacter spp. 82.3 per cent and Klebsiella spp. 88.8 per cent. The successive use of ofloxacin, at first intravenously for 3-5 days and then orally in the form of tablets for 3-5 days, in the treatment of 15 patients with wound infections of various genesis and localization subjected to osteoplastic reconstructive operations provided positive effects in all the cases and was economically advantageous.
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PMID:[Ten-year experience with the use of ofloxacin in the treatment of wound infection]. 900 92

Mycoplasma pneumoniae represents one of the common etiological agents causing interstitial pneumonia, but more often a long-lasting tracheobronchitis in children and also in adults. The incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae diseases varies considerably, major outbreaks being reported every 3 to 5 years. The pathomechanism of this agent is based on a unique, gliding motility, adhesion to respiratory epithelium cells and the induction of a pathological hyperstimulation of cellular response mechanisms of the host. Antigenic similarities between important functional sites of the adhesin of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and various host molecules might be one of the factors responsible for hindering the host-response mechanism and, moreover, failing to protect the host repeated colonization. These are indications of a near perfect adaptation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to man, its only known host to date.
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PMID:Mycoplasma infections of the human respiratory tract. 928 62

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a small bacterium without a cell wall that causes tracheobronchitis and atypical pneumonia in humans. It has also been associated with chronic conditions, such as arthritis, and extrapulmonary complications, such as encephalitis. Although the interaction of mycoplasmas with respiratory epithelial cells is a critical early phase of pathogenesis, little is known about the cascade of events initiated by infection of respiratory epithelial cells by mycoplasmas. Previous studies have shown that M. pneumoniae can induce proinflammatory cytokines in several different study systems including cultured murine and human monocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that M. pneumoniae infection also induces proinflammatory cytokine expression in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Infection of A549 cells resulted in increased levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA, and both proteins were secreted into culture medium. IL-1 beta mRNA also increased after infection and IL-1 beta protein was synthesized, but it remained intracellular. In contrast, levels of IL-6 and gamma interferon mRNA and protein remained unchanged or undetectable. Using protease digestion and antibody blocking methods, we found that M. pneumoniae cytoadherence is important for the induction of cytokines. On the other hand, while M. pneumoniae protein synthesis and DNA synthesis do not appear to be prerequisites for the induction of cytokine gene expression, A549 cellular de novo protein synthesis is responsible for the increased cytokine protein levels. These results suggest a novel role for lung epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection and provide a better understanding of M. pneumoniae pathology at the cellular level.
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PMID:Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human lung epithelial cells infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. 1206 6


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