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Query: UMLS:C0040586 (tracheobronchitis)
 449 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a retrospective review of 53 patients, 58 episodes of infection due to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus (Herellea vaginicola) were studied. Although the organism is widely distributed in nature, it is of relatively low virulence since colonization is more frequently noted than infection and since most infections occur in patients subjected to the epidemiologic pressures common to nosocomial, gram-negative bacillary infection: prior antibiotic therapy; instrumentation and manipulation (e.g., endotracheal intubation, urinary bladder catheterization, arterial and venous cannulation); surgery; hospitalization, especially with residence in an intensive care unit; severe underlying disease, either systemic (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignancy) or localized to the infected area (e.g., prior bacterial or aspirational pneumonia, trauma). Pneumonia was the most common infection due to A. calcoaceticus, and occurred only in patients with a tracheostomy or endotracheal tube in place. In over half the 25 patients, more than one lobe was involved and bronchopneumonia was the usual roentgenographic appearance. Cavitation (2 patients) and empyema formation (3 patients) were uncommon. The severity of acinetobacter pneumonia is reflected in the high mortality rate (44% overall, with a 36% mortality rate due primarily to infection). Tracheobronchitis due to A. calcoaceticus was less severe than pneumonia since no patients died primarily as a result of the infection. Urinary tract infections occurred in five patients, none of whom were ill and none of whom died. Urinary bladder catheterization was thought to be responsible for infection in three patients, and in at least four of the five patients infection was restricted to the lower tract. Wound infections were noted in six patients who had undergone surgery and were related to the presence of foreign bodies in the operative site in five of the patients. Surgical debridement and/or drainage of the infected area was the primary therapeutic measure employed in most cases. Only one patient died and this was a result of noninfectious causes. Skin infection due to A. calcoaceticus was seen in two patients, one of whom exhibited fulminant, fatal cellulitis and septicemia in the setting of pancytopenia. All nine patients with acinetobacter septicemia had received antecedent antibiotic therapy, and in all cases intravenous catheters were in place at the time bacteremia occurred. Clinically, seven of the nine patients were in shock. The mortality rate was 44% overall, with a 22% mortality rate due to infection. Although septicemia was thought to be "line-related" in five of the nine patients, serious post-bacteremic complications developed in three patients: prosthetic valve endocarditis, suppurative thrombophlebitis and subhepatic abscess.
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PMID:Infections with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Herellea vaginicola): clinical and laboratory studies. 84 90

Although most new 'high tech' industrial processes are developed in industrialized countries, many of these technologies are eventually transferred to the industrializing countries. Many of these new technologies are associated with the use of respiratory toxins. However, there has been little study of acute or chronic health effects of work in these industries. The semiconductor industry illustrates many of these issues. The past decade has been increasing globalization of semiconductor manufacturing. Semiconductor manufacturing uses many chemicals with extremely high respiratory toxicity, including gases such as arsine and phosphine, strong acids and bases, dopants and photoactive chemicals. In semiconductor manufacturing, gases and chemicals are strictly controlled, but little is known about the occurrence of respiratory symptoms or disease in this industry. Potential acute respiratory effects of these exposures include mucous membrane irritation, tracheobronchitis, pulmonary edema and death. Chronic effects may include airway sensitization and possibly respiratory cancer. Movement of 'high tech' industries to less industrialized countries may not be accompanied by the same degree of attention to the control of workplace exposures. The shortage of adequately trained health and safety personnel, greater attention to safety than to health issues, and the unorganized and unskilled workforce in industrializing countries may exacerbate this situation. More research is needed on the health effects of exposures in rapidly changing industries such as semiconductor manufacturing, and the results of this research must be communicated and safe practices implemented worldwide.
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PMID:Occupational lung diseases in the industrializing and industrialized world due to modern industries and modern pollutants. 132 47

Cancer of the head and neck is a common cancer worldwide. The majority of patients present with locally advanced disease. Recently a great deal of improvement has been made in multimodality therapy of this disease, warranting more careful consideration of factors affecting quality of life, disease course, and treatment. Infection is clearly a factor. Analysis of 662 hospital admissions of 169 head and neck cancer patients was performed. A definite infection was documented in 86 febrile episodes, pneumonia contributed to 40%, bacteremia to 13%, skin and soft tissue infection to 12%, and tracheobronchitis to 10%. Among the evaluated risk factors, foreign bodies, specifically intravenous (IV) cannulae and gastrostomy tubes, race, performance status, alcohol intake, and nutritional status were statistically significant variables that predicted for or were associated with infection. Infection contributed to 44% of the deaths.
Cancer 1991 Feb 01
PMID:The role of infection in the morbidity and mortality of patients with head and neck cancer undergoing multimodality therapy. 198 64

An edited summary of an Interdepartmental Conference arranged by the Department of Medicine of the UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles. The Director of Conferences is William M. Pardridge, MD, Professor of Medicine. Several specialists have recently recognized that gastrointestinal reflux causes complications resulting in significant disease. It causes discomfort, indigestion, esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and carcinoma of the esophagus. Pediatricians attribute many early pulmonary problems, and even some sudden deaths in infants, to the reflux of gastric contents. Otolaryngologists now recognize that many cases of nonbacterial, nonspecific pharyngitis and laryngitis are due to the reflux of gastrc acid secretions. Contact granuloma and cancer of the larynx may, in some instances, be secondary to nocturnal reflux. Thoracic surgeons and pulmonologists believe chronic tracheobronchitis and some cases of pulmonary disease are attributable to recurrent bathing of the respiratory epithelium by aspirated gastric contents. An awareness of the many complications of gastrointestinal reflux should lead to a multidisciplined attack on the factors responsible for these diseases.
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PMID:Complications of gastroesophageal reflux. 304 98

Herpesvirus infections of the lower respiratory tract have most commonly been reported in patients with severe burns, immunosuppression or malignancies. Two patients without any of these underlying conditions developed severe herpetic tracheobronchitis, diagnosed by cytologic examination and confirmed by serologic studies. Serial examination of sputum, bronchial brushings and bronchial washings permitted observation of the evolution and progression of cellular changes found in herpesvirus infection of the lower respiratory tract. both patients recovered without specific antiviral therapy, but both developed superinfection with gram-negative organisms, requiring intensive antibiotic therapy. The distinctive features of herpesvirus infection in the tracheobronchial tree are similar to those recognized elsewhere in the body. Early findings include a variety of nonspecific changes in nuclear chromatin configurations; multinucleated cells may be common but do not often contain the central intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in later stages. These distinctive central intranuclear inclusions disappear in a few days, leaving only reparative changes in the surface epithelium. Herpesviruses are increasingly being reported in the literature as an etiologic agent of acute tracheobronchitis in otherwise healthy individuals.
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PMID:Cytologic features of nonfatal herpesvirus tracheobronchitis. 628 25

A patient with no evidence of underlying malignancy or immunosuppression was found to have herpetic tracheobronchitis by bronchial brushing cytologic examination and bronchial biopsy. Herpes simplex type I antigens were localized in infected cells by means of the unlabeled antibody enzyme technique. Occasional cases of herpes simplex viral tracheobronchitis or pneumonitis have been reported in patients with severe burns or with malignancy. This is an unusual finding in otherwise health individuals.
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PMID:Herpetic tracheobronchitis: immunohistologic demonstration of herpes simplex virus antigen. 628 34

Management of 150 patients with lung cancer after pneumonectomy has shown that the basic factors causing the onset of postoperative pleural empyema are chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases, pronounced obstructive syndrome and right heart overload, tumor histology, local tumor size and cancer complications, duration and techniques of surgery, duration of controlled lung ventilation, as well as the onset of postoperative suppurative tracheobronchitis and surgical wound suppuration. The likelihood of empyema development may be assessed only upon analysis of the combination of risk factors with reference to their low informative value, preoperative patients' condition and intraoperative factors which have an equal impact on the onset of this complication. The efficacy of the algorithm elaborated is as follows: if the likelihood of empyema development exceeds 50%, it occurs in 96.3% of cases, if the likelihood of the complication is less than 10%, the postoperative period is uncomplicated in 87.8% of patients.
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PMID:[Determination of likelihood of the development of pleural empyema in patients with cancer after pneumonectomy]. 794 1

Pasteurella multocida, a gram-negative coccobacillus which colonizes the nasopharynx and gastrointestinal tract of many animals, is a well known cause of soft tissue infection after animal bites. Human infection can also occur after non-bite animal exposure, usually via inhalation of contaminated secretions. The respiratory tract is the second most common site of Pasteurella infection after soft tissue infection. Most patients with Pasteurella pulmonary infection are elderly with underlying lung disease, either COPD, bronchiectasis, or malignancy. The spectrum of disease includes pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, lung abscess, and empyema. Clinical features of Pasteurella respiratory tract infections are indistinguishable from other pathogens. A history of cat or dog exposure should alert the clinician to consider Pasteurella as a potential pulmonary pathogen in an elderly patient with chronic lung disease. The preferred drug for the treatment of Pasteurella infections is penicillin. Alternately, doxycycline is highly effective against P multocida.
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PMID:Pasteurella multocida pneumonia. 909 78

Tracheomalacia is a condition of the neonatal and infant airway, characterized by weakness of the supporting tracheal cartilage and widening of the posterior membranous wall. Together, these factors cause tracheal collapse, especially during times of increased airflow. The diagnosis of major airway collapse depends upon an accurate history combined with proper endoscopic evaluation. Tracheomalacia can be caused by a diffuse process of congenital origin or by a localized abnormality. The cases of acquired tracheomalacia occur with increasing frequency both in children and adults and are often not clearly recognized. These lesions may result from indwelling tracheostomy and endobronchial tube, chest trauma, chronic tracheobronchitis, inflammation (relapsing polychondritis), secondary to pulmonary resection, tracheal malignancy (cylindroma), and idiopathically. We present the case of a 59 years old male with acquired tracheobronchomalacia, associated with tracheopatia osteochondroplasica, secondary to COPD and a chronic parenchimal infection, on a diabetes mellitus type II background.
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PMID:[Tracheomalacia and secondary tracheopatia osteocondroplasica - a case report]. 1197 2

Sulfur mustard is an alkylating agent that reacts with ocular, respiratory, cutaneous, and bone marrow tissues, resulting in early and late toxic effects. We compare these effects based on the experience in Iranian veterans exposed to the agent during the Iran-Iraq conflict (1983-88). The first clinical manifestations of sulfur mustard poisoning occurred in the eyes with a sensation of grittiness, lacrimation, photophobia, blepharospasm, and corneal ulceration. Respiratory effects appeared as rhinorhea, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, and dyspnoea. Skin lesions varied from erythema to bullous necrotization. Initial leukocytosis and lymphopenia returned to normal within four weeks in recovered patients, but marked cytopenia with bone marrow failure occurred in fatal cases. Late toxic effects of sulfur mustard were most commonly found in lungs, skin and eyes. Main respiratory complications were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, asthma, large airway narrowing, and pulmonary fibrosis. Late skin lesions were hyperpigmentation, dry skin, atrophy, and hypopigmentation. Fifteen of the severely intoxicated patients were diagnosed with delayed keratitis, having corneal vascularization, thinning, and epithelial defect. Respiratory complications exacerbated over time, while cutaneous and ocular lesions decreased or remained constant. Both the severity and frequency of bronchiectatic lesions increased during long-term follow-up. The only deteriorating cutaneous complication was dry skin. The maximum incidence of delayed kaeratitis was observed 15 to 20 years after initial exposure. Being suggested as the main cause ofassociated with malignancies and recurrent infections, natural killer cells were significantly lower 16 to 20 years after intoxication.
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PMID:Comparison of early and late toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans. 1704 Feb 11


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