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Query: UMLS:C0040584 (tracheitis)
 384 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To study the incidence and types of infection among severely traumatized children, we reviewed the medical charts of 212 children, hospitalized following traumatic injury, who received antibiotics at sometime during their hospitalization. Infection occurred in 19%. Eleven children had trauma-related infections, whereas 29 (71% of those infected) had 36 nosocomial infections. Tracheitis, sepsis, and urinary tract infections were the most common nosocomial infections and were diagnosed in the second week (10 +/- 3 days) following injury. Nosocomial infections were more likely to develop in children who were more severely injured and who had a greater number of invasive procedures. Severe head injury (cerebral edema or subarachnoid hemorrhage) was more common in those with nosocomial infection (P < .0002, odds ratio 6.8, 95% confidence interval 2.2 to 21.3). Those without these injuries were much less likely to develop nosocomial infections (specificity 97% and negative predictive value 86%). Finally, the development of any nosocomial infection prolonged the hospitalization by a mean of 16 +/- 6 days when comparing children with the same degree of traumatic injury. Prevention of nosocomial infection in children with severe trauma will significantly reduce length of hospitalization.
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PMID:Infections in severely traumatized children. 147 96

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) are two distinct toxin-mediated syndromes with prominent cutaneous features. The exanthematous presentation of these syndromes places them in the broad category of childhood exanthems, and the ability to recognize these potentially devastating illnesses is essential for pediatricians and dermatologists who may encounter children with fever and rash. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of these entities has helped to explain the distinctive clinical presentations of TSS and SSSS. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and enterotoxins are the secretory products of Staphylococcus aureus that lead to TSS. Many of the clinical features of TSS (fever, shock, multiple organ dysfunction) can be explained by the effects of cytokines (especially interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor) induced by TSST-1. TSS is not an exclusively menstrual event associated with tampon use. Nonmenstrual pediatric TSS may be associated with a wide variety of staphylococcal infections. Infected burn wounds in hospitalized children and bacterial tracheitis (in some cases following influenza B infection) are relatively high-risk settings for pediatric TSS. The epidermolytic toxins (A and B) directly produce subgranular epidermolysis leading to SSSS. SSSS encompasses a clinical spectrum from bullous impetigo to the widespread exfoliation of the Ritter disease variant of SSSS. This entity usually occurs in children under 5 years of age, and is primarily explained by lack of immunity to the toxins as well as renal immaturity leading to poor clearance of toxin. The newborn nursery is an important setting where epidemics of SSSS have occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Staphylococcal toxin-mediated syndromes in childhood. 155 Jul 11

The outbreak of the disease occurred in a large multiple-age farm with about 50,000 meat turkeys, where groups of 6-8000 one-day-old birds were stalled up every 14 days. All the turkey poults housed were affected mostly in the 1.-3. week of the life. The respiratory disease spread rapidly within the flocks and were characterised clinically by inclination of huddle, ruffled feathers, anorexia, stunted growth, swelling of the infraorbital sinus and nasal discharge. The clinical apparent disease lasted 3 to 4 weeks on the average in the affected flocks and were associated with a mortality from 7-20 percent. The main pathoanatomical lesions were catarrhal-fibrinopurulent rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia and air sacculitis as well as atrophy of the thymus. Fibrinous adhesive peri- and epicarditis, perihepatitis, miliary necrotic foci in the liver and diarrhea have been found less frequently. The results of cultural and serological examinations of moribund and dead turkey poults of 6 different flocks indicate that Bordetella avium and Chlamydia psittaci are the primary inciting agents of the respiratory disease. However, the following severe course of the disease were mainly caused by concurrent infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In some cases coccidiosis with lesions in ceca were additionally diagnosed. Campylobacter jejuni could be always isolated culturally from the liquid cecal content of diseased birds.
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PMID:[Multicausal infectious respiratory tract disease of young fattening turkeys]. 155 65

A retrospective analysis was completed of the charts of the 1,727 patients with the diagnosis of croup seen during two years (1985 and 1986) in the Emergency Department of The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Cough (91.4%) was the most common presenting symptom. Other presenting signs and symptoms included stridor (57.5%), chest wall retraction (38%), coryza and wheezing (18.5%) and tracheal tug (15%). The majority of patients were treated on an ambulatory basis while 377 (21.7%) were admitted for further management. Inpatient treatment included racemic epinephrine (120 patients) and parenteral steroids (17). Twelve (12) patients required airway support (endotracheal intubation). No tracheotomy for tracheitis was performed during this two year period. No deaths occurred in this patient population.
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PMID:Tracheitis: outcome of 1,700 cases presenting to the emergency department during two years. 156 45

Neurosurgical patients often require prolonged laryngeal intubation. The literature regarding the management of these patients is controversial, with some series reporting increased benefits of early tracheotomy and others reporting similar benefits of prolonged transtracheal intubation. One hundred sixteen consecutive neurosurgical patients who had tracheotomies performed during a 5-year period are presented in order to clarify some of the factors involved with these issues. The complications that occurred in this series were less frequent than those reported in most of the published series. Of the 116 patients, 7 had posttracheotomy complications. These complications included stomal infections (4 patients), hemorrhage (1 patient), subglottic granulation tissue (1 patient), and tracheitis (1 patient). All complications were easily treated and caused no significant long-term morbidity. Furthermore, pulmonary care was universally facilitated by the placement of a tracheotomy. The performance of an early postinjury tracheotomy may prevent the known complications of prolonged endotracheal intubation while providing effective ventilation and pulmonary toilet through safe and comfortable access to the airway. Early postinjury tracheotomy is not associated with a high incidence of significant complications in the neurosurgical patient population.
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PMID:The role of early tracheotomy in the management of the neurosurgical patient. 157 53

Immunocompetent and cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed ferrets were intranasally infected with canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) and observed for clinical signs, histopathologic lesions, the immunocytochemical demonstration of CPIV antigen in the respiratory tract and scanning electron microscopic alterations of the tracheal epithelium until 36 days post infection (p.i.). In both groups, clinical signs were minimal, restricted to the upper respiratory tract and consisted of cough elicited by tracheal compression between 3 and 7 days p.i. Microscopically, inflammatory and degenerative lesions were observed in the trachea and less frequently in the nasal cavity; bronchiolitis or interstitial pneumonia was not demonstrated. By immunocytochemistry, CPIV antigen was demonstrated in tracheal epithelial cells, whereas nasal cavity, bronchi, bronchioles and lung were devoid of viral antigen. Ferrets given CPIV alone developed a minimal lymphocytic tracheitis with minimal loss of cilia and CPIV antigen was observed only 4 days p.i. 17 days p.i., normal epithelial organization and ciliary reappearance was reestablished. Ferrets treated with cyclophosphamide and infected with CPIV exhibited mild to moderate histological lesions as above with similar scanning electron microscopic changes until 36 p.i. Tracheal lesions consisted of intraepithelial and submucosal infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, focal epithelial hyperplasia and multifocal loss of cilia. In addition, mild and transient neutrophilic infiltration was observed. In immunosuppressed ferrets, viral antigen expression was prominent and demonstrated 4 and 8 days p.i. These data suggest that ferrets are susceptible to aerosol CPIV infection.
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PMID:Intranasal infection of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) with canine parainfluenza virus. 166 81

Branhamella catarrhalis, a well known commensal of the normal respiratory flora, is being increasingly implicated as an aetiological agent in various acute respiratory and non-respiratory infections. B. catarrhalis has demonstrated a particular predilection for turning pathogenic in the immunocompromised host. Bacterial tracheitis, presenting as an acute airway obstruction, is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae. The unusual occurrence of a fulminant B. catarrhalis bacterial tracheitis in a previously normal and healthy Indian child is the subject of this communication.
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PMID:Fulminant Branhamella catarrhalis tracheitis. 169 88

Laryngotracheal infections in childhood frequently result in airway obstruction, the major symptom of which is stridor. The primary aims of management are to establish a diagnosis rapidly and to maintain or secure the child's airway. Medical treatment and airway stabilization measures vary for the three most prevalent laryngotracheal infections--supraglottitis, laryngotracheitis, and bacterial tracheitis--as well as for older and newer infectious airway entities.
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PMID:The old and new of acute laryngotracheal infections. 173 22

Acute epiglottitis, a fulminating infection in the supraglottic tissue due to Haemophilus influenzae type B can cause relentlessly progressive airway obstruction in infants, children and sometimes in adults. Rapid infection and swelling of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds causes airway obstruction which can be relieved by endotracheal intubation. The systemic infection and septicaemia must be treated by the appropriate intravenous antibiotics. Acute epiglottitis must be differentiated from viral laryngotracheitis or "croup" which is very common and from pseudo-membranous bacterial tracheitis which is rare. A protocol for management of acute inflammatory airway obstruction must involve an orderly sequence of diagnostic and therapeutic measures, instituted without delay.
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PMID:Acute epiglottitis. 178 58

In fattening turkeys 2.5 weeks of age a respiratory disease associated with coughing, nasal discharge and swelling of the infraorbital sinus was seen. Pathological findings in diseased turkeys were sinusitis, tracheitis, pneumonia and aerosacculitis. Virological investigations of trachea, kidney and intestine in SPF-chicken embryos resulted in the isolation of a virus, that could be identified as a paramyxovirus type 3 due to chemical-physical, biological, morphological and immunological properties. The pathogenicity of the isolate 324/86 to turkeys was shown in a test with three weeks old turkey poults. This is the first isolation and identification of a paramyxovirus-3 of turkeys in Germany.
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PMID:[Isolation of a paramyxovirus-3 from turkeys with respiratory tract disease in Germany]. 182 71


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