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Query: UMLS:C0040584 (tracheitis)
 384 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) inoculated intratracheally with 10(4.2)-10(8.2) egg median infectious doses (EID50) of type A influenza virus (H3N2) responded with clinical illness including such signs as fever, sneezing or coughing, coryza, and increased respiratory rates. Necropsy studies performed six days after inoculation revealed bronchopneumonia in addition to a mild tracheitis. Squirrel monkeys given 10(5)-6 x 10(8) colony-forming units (cfu) of Streptococcus pneumoniae intratracheally died four to six days later after developing severe illness characterized by fever, bacteremia, lethargy, anorexia, coughing, labored breathing, and bronchopneumonia. Monkeys given 770 cfu of S. pneumoniae responded with less severe symptoms and survived. Four squirrel monkeys inoculated with 10(8.2) EID50 of virus and then 102 hr later with 770 cfu of S. pneumoniae developed severe disease; three of the four animals died within 40 hr. At necropsy these monkeys had more extensive and severe bronchopneumonia than was seen in monkeys infected with either organism alone.
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PMID:Influenza alone and in sequence with pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the squirrel monkey. 2215 62

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) are two distinct toxin-mediated syndromes with prominent cutaneous features. The exanthematous presentation of these syndromes places them in the broad category of childhood exanthems, and the ability to recognize these potentially devastating illnesses is essential for pediatricians and dermatologists who may encounter children with fever and rash. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of these entities has helped to explain the distinctive clinical presentations of TSS and SSSS. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and enterotoxins are the secretory products of Staphylococcus aureus that lead to TSS. Many of the clinical features of TSS (fever, shock, multiple organ dysfunction) can be explained by the effects of cytokines (especially interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor) induced by TSST-1. TSS is not an exclusively menstrual event associated with tampon use. Nonmenstrual pediatric TSS may be associated with a wide variety of staphylococcal infections. Infected burn wounds in hospitalized children and bacterial tracheitis (in some cases following influenza B infection) are relatively high-risk settings for pediatric TSS. The epidermolytic toxins (A and B) directly produce subgranular epidermolysis leading to SSSS. SSSS encompasses a clinical spectrum from bullous impetigo to the widespread exfoliation of the Ritter disease variant of SSSS. This entity usually occurs in children under 5 years of age, and is primarily explained by lack of immunity to the toxins as well as renal immaturity leading to poor clearance of toxin. The newborn nursery is an important setting where epidemics of SSSS have occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Staphylococcal toxin-mediated syndromes in childhood. 155 Jul 11

Four children with Down's syndrome and bacterial tracheitis are described. In three the infection was due to Haemophilus influenza. In patients with Down's syndrome presenting with stridor tracheitis should be considered and appropriate treatment started.
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PMID:Bacterial tracheitis in Down's syndrome. 296 Feb 75

Nine cases of severe hypotension or death compatible with toxic shock syndrome (TSS) as a complication of influenza and influenzalike illness were identified in Minnesota with onsets between Jan 2, 1986, and Feb 23, 1986, in which five of the patients died. During this time, an influenza outbreak was occurring in the state. Cultures of respiratory secretions were performed in eight patients; Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from all of them. Seven S aureus isolates were available for determination of exotoxin production; five isolates produced toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, one produced enterotoxin B, and one produced both. Acute influenza B infection was confirmed in three of four patients for whom throat cultures or acute and convalescent serum samples were available. Two patients fulfilled the Centers for Disease Control-confirmed case definition for TSS. Four additional patients fulfilled the CDC criteria for a probable case of TSS, and TSS was a likely diagnosis in the remaining three patients. The initial presentation was suggestive of nonsuppurative tracheitis or viral pneumonia in eight patients. In the remaining patient, the initial clinical presentation was compatible with staphylococcal pneumonia. This report demonstrates that TSS can occur as a complication of influenza and influenzalike illness.
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PMID:Toxic shock syndrome. A newly recognized complication of influenza and influenzalike illness. 380 93

Five-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated intravenously with one of 16 low-pathogenicity type A influenza virus isolates; 14 were of wild duck origin, and two were of turkey origin. Tubulointerstitial nephritis was the most frequent specific histopathologic change. The frequency and severity of kidney lesions were independent of the virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase subtype or titer of the challenge virus. Influenza nucleoprotein was most frequently demonstrated in the kidney and was consistently localized to necrotic proximal and/or distal renal tubule epithelium. Common nonspecific histopathologic changes were lymphoid hyperplasia of the spleen and cecal tonsils, as well as lymphocyte depletion in the cloacal bursa. Uncommon histopathologic changes, in decreasing order of frequency, were interstitial pneumonia, lymphoid follicular hyperplasia in the myocardium, and lymphocytic tracheitis. Histopathologic changes were rare or absent in the jejunum, duodenum, pancreas, and brain. The low-pathogenicity avian-origin type A influenza virus isolates were epitheliotropic in chickens, primarily nephrotropic. Such findings were dissimilar from findings with highly pathogenic avian-origin type A influenza virus isolates both in severity and in tissue distribution of histopathologic changes and influenza viral antigen.
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PMID:Comparative pathology of intravenously inoculated wild duck- and turkey-origin type A influenza viruses in chickens. 779 94

Forty-nine 5-week-old chickens were inoculated by the intravenous (i.v.), intratracheal (IT), or intranasal (IN) routes with either a chicken-origin or one of two duck-origin type A influenza virus isolates. Twelve control chickens were inoculated with sterile chorioallantoic fluid. For all viruses, i.v. inoculation produced predominate lesions of renal tubule necrosis (nephrosis) and nephritis, and influenza virus nucleoprotein was localized in nuclei and cytoplasm of necrotic renal tubule epithelium. Chickens inoculated by the IT route, and to a lesser extent the IN route, had mild to severe tracheitis, bronchitis, and ventromedial pneumonia associated with secondary bronchi but lacked renal tubule necrosis and nephritis. These data indicate low-virulence avian-origin influenza viruses were nephrotropic during simulated systemic infection (i.v. inoculation) and pneumotropic during simulated local infection (IT and IN inoculation). Gross and histologic kidney lesions produced by i.v. inoculation of the chicken-origin influenza virus were similar to changes reported in outbreaks of low-virulence influenza virus in laying chickens.
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PMID:Comparative pathology of a chicken-origin and two duck-origin influenza virus isolates in chickens: the effect of route of inoculation. 820 87

The main occupational hazards in hydrolysis yeast industry of Uzbekistan are protein dust, fungi producers, adverse physical factors. Morbidity of factory workers is higher than in control group (office employees). Infectious diseases of upper respiratory tract, influenza, bronchitis, broncho-tracheitis are prevalent in this factory.
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PMID:[Working conditions and morbidity in workers of hydrolysis yeast industry in the Uzbekistan Republic]. 822 87

Under an influenza surveillance initiated in Pune, India, 2 or 3 dispensaries and small hospitals where patients with acute respiratory disease (ARD) sought medical assistance were chosen for regular weekly visits to collect a sufficient number of specimens. A case of ARD included individuals with the following conditions: common cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or bronchopneumonia. During the period of surveillance of 1978-90, more than 10,000 cases of ARD among various age groups were investigated. The majority of cases were in children and infants. Most of the patients were seen during investigations of 16 outbreaks of influenza. Generally, the cases presented with 2 or 3 symptoms of respiratory disease and 1 or 2 systemic manifestations. Throat and nasal swabs were collected from ARD cases during the acute phase of their illness (1-4 days). Throat/nasal swabs were taken from over 10,000 ARD cases. About 80% of these specimens were cultivated for influenza virus in embryonated chicken eggs (9-11 days' old) and about 39% in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell culture (MDCK) with crystalline trypsin. Several variants of influenza virus types A and B were isolated during the 16 outbreaks including these variant strains: A/USSR/77 (H1N1) in 1978; A/Singapore/6/86 (H1N1) in 1986; and B/Yamagata/16/88-like in 1990. A total of 290 influenza virus isolates comprising several variants of influenza type A (H3N2) and A (H1N1) and type B were isolated. The variant strains of influenza type A (H1N1), type A (H3N2), and type B circulated regularly either every year or in alternate years. 181 of 290 of the influenza isolates were from children aged 10 years. Analysis of the isolates showed that 174 were from the rainy months of July, August, and September, and the maximum number of 93 occurred in July. Of the 16 outbreaks of influenza, 10 occurred in the rainy season, 3 in the hot season, 1 in the cool season, and 2 in February and March.
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PMID:Influenza surveillance in Pune, India, 1978-90. 849 Sep 80

Antibiotic resistance is associated with prior receipt of antibiotics. An analysis of linked computerized databases for physician visits and antibiotic prescriptions was used to examine antibiotic prescribing for different respiratory infections in preschool children in Canada. In 1995, 64% of 61,165 children aged <5 years made 140,892 visits (mean, 3.6 visits per child) for respiratory infections; 74% of children who made visits received antibiotic prescriptions. Antibiotics were prescribed to 49% of children with upper respiratory tract infection, 18% with nasopharyngitis, 78% with pharyngitis or tonsillitis, 32% with serous otitis media, 80% with acute otitis media, 61% with sinusitis, 44% with acute laryngitis or tracheitis, and 24% with influenza. Acute otitis media accounted for 33% of all visits and 39% of all antibiotic prescriptions. The estimated Canadian-dollar cost of overprescribing was $423,693, or 49% of the total cost of antibiotics ($859,893) used in this group. This population-based study confirms antibiotic overprescribing in Canada.
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PMID:Antibiotic prescribing for Canadian preschool children: evidence of overprescribing for viral respiratory infections. 1043 79

To investigate the etiology and clinical features of croup syndrome, clinical records of hospitalized children with a diagnosis of croup syndrome were reviewed from April 1990 to January 1996. There was a total of 132 children, aged between three months and seven years with a mean age of 21.3 +/- 16.8 months. A diagnosis of laryngotracheobronchitis was made in 123 (93.2 percent) children. Twenty-three pathogens were identified in twenty-two of them, including seven parainfluenza viruses, five respiratory syncytial viruses, four influenza A viruses, four Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and three adenoviruses. Bacterial tracheitis was confirmed by bronchoscopic examination in seven cases (5.3 percent). Cultures of the respiratory secretions yielded viridans streptococci in six and Staphylococcus aureus in one child. Two children (1.5 percent) had spasmodic croup. No case with epiglottitis was noted in the present study. A fever lasting for more than three days was noted in five (71 percent) children with bacterial tracheitis and thirty-five (28 percent) children with laryngotracheobronchitis (p = 0.048). Among children with laryngotracheobronchitis, an associated diagnosis of pneumonia, acute otitis media, or paranasal sinusitis was more frequently observed in those with fever > 3 days (40 percent) than those with a shorter duration of fever (17 percent, p = 0.013). In conclusion, a child with a longer duration of fever and more severe manifestations of airway obstruction probably has a bacterial cause of croup syndrome or a bacterial complication. Bacterial tracheitis is more common than epiglottitis in Taiwan.
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PMID:Croup syndrome in children: five-year experience. 1091 Jun 24


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