Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The use of a microtechnique (modified nitrous acid extraction) to test samples from 150 school children and from patients with acute follicular tonsillitis has indicated that group A streptococci in the throat can be identified from tonsillar scrapings in 30 min. The results are comparable to the grouping results obtained by standard throat culture techniques and the Lancefield procedure for grouping. No cross-reaction with other bacteria or cellular material occurs. Study has also shown that the nitrous acid extraction yields three- to fourfold more polysaccharides than the Lancefield hot-HCl of Fuller formamide techniques. The use of the microtechnique leads to another 20-fold concentration of the antigen. Immune salting-out effect could be obtained with 1.00 M sodium acetate. Such molarity is too low to cause nonspecific slating out. It leads to a strong ampliciation of the precipitin reaction.
 ...
PMID:Serological identification of group A streptococci from throat scrapings before culture. 37 Jan 47

MRI findings of four hemiballism cases are described, and pathophysiology, pathogenesis and treatment of hemiballism are discussed. All cases had no family history. The lesions revealed by MRI and the pathogenesis were different each other. Case 1, a 17 years aged girl with a history of hyperthyroidism and repeated tonsillitis, showed right sided hemiballism which was recovered by prednisolone and haloperidol. Although her involuntary movement was ameliorated by administration of sodium valproate and phenytoin, phenytoin caused allergic agranulocytosis which required prednisolone treatment. T2 weighted MRI at the 31st disease day demonstrated hyperintensities in the left caudate nucleus, putamen, lateral pallidum, perirubral area and substantia nigra. Hyperintensity in the prerubral area suggested involvement of the subthalamic nucleus or its connecting pathway. Fourteen months later, she suffered from convulsion and mental confusion. There were theta wave bursts and delta waves in EEG. No abnormal findings in MRI and positive antinuclear antibody (ANA: X320, speckled type) were observed. Case 2, a 78 year aged woman, suffered from right sided hemiballism. MRI findings at the 58th disease day were the left putaminal infarction and lacunar state in the bilateral caudate nuclei and the deep white matter of the centrum semiovale. There were no abnormal findings in the subthalamic nucleus. Case 3, a 51 year aged man with diabetes mellitus, had right sided hemiballism. X-ray CT at the 8th disease day showed hyperdensity in the left subthalamic nucleus region which could not be observed at the 12th day. Hypointensity in the left subthalamic nucleus region was observed in both T2 weighted and proton density MRI at the 52nd day. Case 4, an 82 year aged woman, had right sided hemiballism which remarkably diminished at the third disease day and disappeared by the fifth day. Any pathogenic lesion concerning to hemiballism was detected by X-ray CT or MRI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[MRI study of hemiballism]. 233 18

Imipenem/cilastatin sodium (MK-0787/MK-0791) was evaluated for its safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in children. Thirty cases of bacterial infections were treated with MK-0787/MK-0791 at a daily dose of 40 to 222 mg/kg for 2.25 to 13 days. Clinical cure rate was 93% and bacteriological efficacy rate was 88%. Treated diseases included severe tonsillitis due to mixed anaerobic infections, pneumonia, sepsis, brain abscess and soft tissue infections. Two cases, one with periosteomyelitis due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus and the other with pulmonary abscess due to Haemophilus influenzae (other than type b), failed to respond to the MK-0787/MK-0791 therapy. The serum half-life of MK-0787 was 0.892 hour in children with normal renal functions. An episode of convulsions in a case of sepsis with bacterial croup and brain edema was considered to be associated with the MK-0787/MK-0791 therapy. From the present study, MK-0787/MK-0791 appears a safe and effective antibiotic when used in children with a variety of bacterial infections.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical evaluation of imipenem/cilastatin sodium in children]. 346 75

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on imipenem (MK-0787)/cilastatin sodium (MK-0791), a combined drug of carbapenem antibiotics (MK-0787) and renal depeptidase inhibitor (MK-0791) in a 1:1 ratio, were performed in the field of pediatrics. Absorption and excretion Serum levels and urinary excretion of MK-0787/MK-0791 were determined in 7 children aged 4 to 11 years. Four cases were administered with a single dose of MK-0787/MK-0791 at 10 mg/10 mg/kg by intravenous drip infusion and the other 3 cases were given a single dose of 20 mg/20 mg/kg. Serum concentrations of MK-0787 reached their peaks at the end of drip infusion where the mean level was 17.5 +/- 1.0 micrograms/ml for the group given 10 mg/10 mg/kg, and 43.6 +/- 2.1 micrograms/ml for the group given 20 mg/20 mg/kg. Concentrations decreased with half-lives of 0.82 +/- 0.10 hour and 0.74 +/- 0.04 hour for the low and high doses, respectively, and serum levels at 6 hours after administration were 0.3 +/- 0.1 microgram/ml and 0.4 +/- 0.1 microgram/ml, respectively. Peak concentrations of MK-0791 were 22.6 +/- 4.8 micrograms/ml in the 10 mg/10 mg/kg group and 52.9 +/- 4.7 micrograms/ml in the 20 mg/20 mg/kg group at the end of the drip infusion. Half-lives were 0.56 +/- 0.17 hour and 0.46 +/- 0.11 hour for the 2 doses, respectively while MK-0791 levels were below detection limit at 6 hours after administration. Mean urinary recovery rates in 6 hours after administration were 54.0 +/- 15.3% and 49.3 +/- 7.8% for MK-0787 and MK-0791, respectively, in the group of 10 mg/10 mg/kg, and 62.0 +/- 7.4% and 65.3 +/- 9.2%, respectively, in the group of 20 mg/20 mg/kg. These results showed that pharmacokinetics of MK-0787 and MK-0791 in children were similar to that in adults. Clinical study MK-0787/MK-0791 was used for treatment in a total of 22 pediatric patients to evaluate clinical effectiveness, bacteriological efficacy and adverse reactions. Each of patients was treated 3 or 4 times per day at a single dose of 11.4-22.8 mg/kg (of MK-0787). Duration of treatment ranged from 2.5 to 18 days and total doses ranged from 1.36 to 19.92 g. Clinical efficacy in cases including 2 with acute purulent tonsillitis, 1 with acute purulent otitis media, 9 with acute pneumonia, 1 with pythorax, 3 with acute purulent lymphadenitis, and 6 with acute pyelonephritis were judged excellent in 20 cases and good in 2 cases; an efficacy rate of 100%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Studies on imipenem/cilastatin sodium in the field of pediatrics]. 346 82

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of imipenem/cilastatin sodium (MK-0787/MK-0791), a newly developed combined antibiotic in a 1:1 ratio, were performed in the field of pediatrics. The MK-0787/MK-0791 was administered to 15 children. Ten and 20 mg/kg doses of MK-0787 were administered by a intravenous drip infusion for 30 minutes to 3 children each. In the remaining 9 cases, MK-0787 doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg were administered to 3 children each by a 1 hour intravenous drip infusion. Levels of MK-0787 and MK-0791 in plasma, urine and urinary recovery rate of the drugs were also determined. In addition, MK-0787/MK-0791 was administered to a total of 29 children; 2 children with bronchitis, 16 with pneumonia, 4 with UTI, 2 with purulent lymphadenitis and 1 child each with tonsillitis, septicemia suspected disease, peritonitis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and osteomyelitis/bacteremia. The average single dose was 15.3 mg/kg of MK-0787 and administrations were performed by 20-60 minutes intravenous drip infusion 3-4 times daily for an average period of 6 days. The clinical and bacteriological effects of this drug were evaluated in these cases and adverse reactions and unusual laboratory findings were also studied in a total of 33 cases including 4 other drop-out cases. Results of these studies were summarized as follows. In 6 children, 3 each who were given doses of 10 or 20 mg/kg, the mean peak plasma concentrations of the drugs were found at the end of the 30 minutes-infusion with values of 35.20 and 74.90 micrograms/ml for MK-0787 and 44.85 and 93.32 micrograms/ml for MK-0791 after the dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. The peak plasma levels of MK-0791 were approximately 1.3 times higher than those of MK-0787 and higher peak levels were observed in the groups with larger doses of either drugs. In the 10 mg/kg group, the mean half-lives of MK-0787 and MK-0791 were 0.97 and 0.71 hour, respectively and those values were 0.89 and 0.63 hour, respectively in the 20 mg/kg group. In both group, MK-0787 tended to have longer half-lives than MK-0791. In 9 children, 3 each who were administered doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg by a 1 hour intravenous drip infusion had the highest plasma levels for both MK-0787 and MK-0791 at the end of the infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of imipenem/cilastatin sodium in the pediatric field]. 346 84

Amino acid transport in human tonsillar lymphocytes was investigated in 32 patients of various ages and with different tonsillar diseases. Tonsillar lymphocytes appeared to possess at least four different transport systems for neutral amino acids including the activated Na+-dependent A system transport. The transport activity of neutral amino acid was significantly higher in child cases than in adult cases. In adult cases with focal tonsillitis, tonsillar lymphocytes were taken from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and skin diseases as secondary lesions who showed good improvement of the skin lesions after tonsillectomy. These lymphocytes were revealed to have more activated Na+-dependent transport than those from patients with skin diseases who showed poor improvement of the skin lesions after the tonsillectomy, and those from patients with recurrent tonsillitis. The characteristics of amino acid transport in human tonsillar lymphocytes and changes influenced by age and tonsillar diseases are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Amino acid transport in human tonsillar lymphocytes with regard to patient's age and tonsillar diseases. 642 38

The developments and trends of hemostatic and antithrombotic drugs in Japan were investigated chronologically for the last 50 years after the 2nd World War. 1. Hemostatic drugs are classified into three groups ; capillary stabilizers, blood coagulants and antifibrinolytics. l) As to capillary stabilizers, flavonoid (rutin, 1949), adrenochrome derivative (carbazochrome, 1954) and conjugated estrogen (Premarin, 1964) were introduced therapeutically. Especially, the soluble types of adrenochrome compounds (Adona 1956, S-Adchnon, 1962) were devised and used widely in Japan. 2) Drugs concerning blood coagulation, thrombin, introduced in 1953, and hemocoagulase, a snake venom introduced in 1966, were used clinically. V.K. groups producing various coagulation factors were introduced as V.K1 (Phytonadione, 1962) and V.K2 (rnenatetrenone,1972), and they were admitted in "The Japanese Pharmacopoeia"editions 8 and 14, respectively). 3) Regarding antifibrinolytic drugs, Japanese researchers have made remarkable contributions. e-Aminocapronic acid (Ipsilon, 1962) and tranexamic acid (Transamin, 1965) were developed and used for various abnormal bleedings or hemorrhage associated with plasmin over-activation. tranexamic acid also proved to suppress inflammations of the throat such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis or laryngitis. 2. Antithrombotic drugs are also divided into three groups; anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs and fibrinolytics.1) The anticoagulants used therapeutically by injection are heparins (Na-salt, 1951; Ca-salt, 1962) and low-molecular-weight heparins such as dalteparin (1992), parnaparin (1994) and reviparin (1999). The low molecule compounds are superior to the original heparins in reducing the risk of bleeding. As oral anticoagulants, coumarin derivatives, dicumarol (1950), ethylbiscoumacetate (1954), phenylindandione (1956) and warfarin (1962) are known. Warfarin potassium is the main drug for oral therapy of thromboembolism lately. Gabexate mesilate (1989) and nafamostat mesilate (1989) were developed in Japan and used for DIC and acute pancreatitis to inhibit protease enzymes. Argatroban is a unique antithrombin product developed by Japanese researchers in 1990, and is used for vascular or cerebral thrombosis. After noticing in 1968 that aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation and prevents myocardial infraction, projects for developing antiplatelet drugs were initiated worldwide. Ticlopidine, originally developed in France, was introduced in 1981 and prevailed widely in Japan for reducing the risk of thrombotic stroke. Aspirin itself was recognized by the FDA (USA) as an antithrombotic drug in 1988, and was also approved by Japanese authorities in 2000. PGE1 clathrate compounds have also been developed as antiplatelet drugs; alprostadil alfadex for injection (1979), and limaprost alfadex for oral use (1988). The PGI2 product, beraprost sodium, for oral use followed them in 1992. Other antiplatelet drugs with unique mechanisms explored in Japan: Ozagrel (1988), which inhibits TXA2 synthetase, cilostazol (1988), which inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase, and sarpogrelate (1993), which blocks 5HT in platelets, are the notable drugs in this field. Ethyl icosapentate, from fish oil, is available for antiplatelet therapy. Concerning the fibrinolytic system, plasminogen activators are useful for thromboembolism. The streptokinase from bacterial origin developed in the USA and Europe was not introduced, and urokinase (1965) was the first plasminogen activator developed in Japan. Then tissue plasminogen activators (t-PA) tisokinase (cell culture, 1991), alteplase (genetical recombination, 1991), nateplase (genetical recombination, 1996), monteplase (1998) and pamiteplase (1998) were developed and approved for acute myocardial infarction. Nasaruplase (prourokinase, cell culture,1991) was also approved for the same indication. While the development of the hemostatic drugs ceased in the 1960s, avid project studies for antithrombotic drugs including fibrinolytics began in the 1980s and are progressing now towards new molecular targets. This may be due to the increasing tendency of cardiovascular thromboembolic diathesis in Japan. (The figures in parentheses are the years approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.)
 ...
PMID:[A 50-year history of new drugs in Japan-the development and trends of hemostatics and antithrombotic drugs]. 1457 69

Sodium azulene sulfonate is a water-soluble derivative of azulene which is an antiinflammatory component of chamomile of the family of Asteraceae. Sodium azulene sulfonate is clinically used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of pharyngitis as well as other inflammatory diseases such as tonsillitis, stomatitis and conjunctivitis. There has been no documentation on the effect of sodium azulene sulfonate on pharyngitis in laboratory models, probably because of no availability of such models. We recently established a pharyngitis model using capsaicin application on pharyngeal mucosa in rats. The present study investigated the antipharyngitis activity of sodium azulene sulfonate comparing with those of ruthenium red (vanilloid receptor antagonist, 8.5 and 85 mg/ml), ascorbic acid (antioxidative compound, 100 microg/ml), povidone iodine (gargle as disinfectant, oxidative compound, 5 and 20 mg/ml) and diclofenac sodium (cyclooxygenase inhibitor, 0.1 and 1 mg/ml). As an antipharyngeal effect, the capsaicin-induced plasma exudation in the pharyngeal mucosa of the rat was evaluated. The capsaicin-induced plasma exudation in the pharyngeal mucosa was inhibited by sodium azulene sulfonate (100 and 200 microg/ml) as well as ruthenium red and ascorbic acid, but not by povidone iodine and dicrofenac sodium; povidone iodine rather promoted the plasma exudation. In conclusion, the antipharyngitis effect of sodium azulene sulfonate was demonstrated for the first time in a laboratory model. Although the mechanism by which sodium azulene sulfonate inhibited the capsaicin-induced pharyngitis is not yet unraveled, antioxidative effect, but not inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase pathway, might be involved.
 ...
PMID:Effect of sodium azulene sulfonate on capsaicin-induced pharyngitis in rats. 1566 96

To evaluate clinical effects of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium in the treatment of children with suppurative tonsillitis, 146 children with suppurative tonsillitis were randomly divided into a ceftezole sodium group and an amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium group. The two groups were given anti-infection treatment using different drugs. Symptomatic treatment was carried out once symptoms such as fever appeared. Five to seven days were taken as one treatment course. Blood routine examination and the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed three days after treatment. Indexes such as the time to the relief of symptoms, the count of white blood cells, the proportion of neutrophil and CRP levels and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between groups to evaluate the curative effect. The overall response rate of the amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium group was 94.52%, while that of the ceftezole sodium group was 78.08%; the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The improvement of white blood cells and CRP levels of the amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium group was more obvious than that of the ceftezole sodium group (P<0.05). The difference of the time to the improvement of symptoms between the two groups had statistical significance; the amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium group was superior to the ceftezole sodium group (P<0.05). No severe drug-related adverse reactions were observed. Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium dispersible tablet is effective in treating children with suppurative tonsillitis as it can rapidly relieve the clinical symptoms without increasing incidence of adverse reactions.
 ...
PMID:Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium in treating children with suppurative tonsillitis. 2895 95