Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A general review of the state of the art in tonsillar function research is given. A proliferation of B lymphocytes, evoked by antigens and/or polyclonal activators, occurs in the tonsil. Such a process, i.e. the supply of B cells to the organism facilitating a number of immune reactions, is to be considered the main function of the tonsil. The formation of antibodies must be regarded as a by-effect caused by an intratonsillar defence mechanism; it is helpful in safeguarding the structural and functional integrity of the organ. A model of the tonsil on the basis of cybernetics is derived from the results obtained and from the histological structure of the organ. Tonsillar involution is characterized by a decline in B cell proliferation, eventually leading to a weakening of the intratonsillar defence mechanism. Genetic disposition and defective functioning of the intratonsillar defence mechanism are discussed as pathogenetic factors in tonsillitis.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1983 Sep
PMID:Theoretical and clinical aspects of the tonsillar function. 660 4

In 161 patients treated for a peritonsillar abscess by stab incision as the only surgical procedure, a follow-up study was conducted after 3 1/2 to eight years. Of all the patients examined, 51% had experienced no throat symptoms, 22% had had recurrent peritonsillar abscesses, 20% had had recurrent episodes of tonsillitis with fever, and 7% had had symptoms resembling episodic pharyngitis in varying degrees. The age of the patient and the patient's history of previous throat infections were found to have prognostic value. Older patients (older than 40 years) had a lower incidence of new throat infections (peritonsillar abscess, tonsillitis, or both) than younger patients. Patients without previous throat symptoms had a lower incidence of new throat infections than patients with a history of throat infection before the peritonsillar abscess, which in itself might indicate the need for tonsillectomy.
Arch Otolaryngol 1981 Sep
PMID:Peritonsillar abscess. 694 34

Ceftezole (CTZ) was administered to 20 patients with hematopoietic malignancy complicated with infections. These patients consisted of 7 cases of AML, 2 ALL, 2 AMMoL, 1 APL, 1 blast crisis of CML, 2 HD, and 5 NHL. In 13 cases, sites of infection were determined and causative organisms were identified. In other 7 cases, sites of infection or causative organisms were unknown. In the former 13 cases, pneumonia was demonstrated in 6 patients, tonsillitis in 4 patients, pyelonephritis in 2 patients and sepsis in 1 patient. Klebsiella was separated from 5 patients as the causative organisms, E. coli from 2 patients, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 1 patient, Pseudomonas cepacia from 1 patient, Streptococcus viridans from 2 patients, Proteus from 1 patient and Torulopsis from 1 patient. Gram-negative rods were separated from 10 of the 13 cases (77%) as the causative organisms. CTZ was administered intravenously in dose from 4 g to 16 g per day combined with other antibiotics (AMK, GM, DKB, TOB, SBPC, CBPC, LC, ST). The response rate in 12 cases of acute leukemia and in 7 cases of malignant lymphoma was 58% and 43%, respectively. Infections occurred in 4 patients with less than 100 neutrophil per mm3 did never favorably responded even with CTZ.
Jpn J Antibiot 1980 Sep
PMID:[Treatment of infection in the patients wih hematopoietic malignancy with ceftezole (Falomesin) (author's transl)]. 721 16

Immunologic effects of pre- and postnatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)/dioxin exposure in Dutch infants from birth to 18 mo of age are explored. The total study group consisted of 207 healthy mother-infant pairs, of which 105 infants were breast-fed and 102 children were bottle-fed. Prenatal PCB exposure was estimated by the PCB sum (PCB congeners 118, 138, 153, and 180) in maternal blood and the total toxic equivalent (TEQ) level in human milk (17 dioxin and 8 dioxin-like PCB congeners). Postnatal PCB/dioxin exposure was calculated as a product of the total TEQ level in human milk multiplied by the weeks of breast-feeding. The number of periods with rhinitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, and otitis during the first 18 mo of life was used as an estimate of the health status of the infants. Humoral immunity was measured at 18 mo of age by detecting antibody levels to mumps, measles, and rubella. White blood cell counts (monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes) and immunologic marker analyses CD4+ T-lymphocytes, CD8+ T-lymphocytes, activated T-lymphocytes (HLA-DR+CD3+), as well as T cell receptor (TcR) alpha beta+, TcR gamma delta+, CD4+CD45RA+ and CD4+CD45RO+ T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes (CD19+ and/or CD20+) and NK cells (CD16+ and/or CD56+/CD3-) in cord blood and venous blood at 3 and 18 mo of age were assessed in a subgroup of 55 infants. There was no relationship between pre- and postnatal PCB/dioxin exposure and upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms or humoral antibody production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pediatr Res 1995 Sep
PMID:Immunologic effects of background prenatal and postnatal exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in Dutch infants. 749 67

A total of 900 consecutive admissions to the Regional Infection Unit at the City Hospital Aberdeen in 1991 have been analysed and the results compared with a similar study during 1980 and 1981. The annual number of admissions increased from 605 to 900, of which 72% in 1991 had proven infections compared with 60% a decade earlier. More patients were admitted with gastroenteritis, tonsillitis and soft tissue infection in 1991 and fewer with non-infectious jaundice. HIV-related conditions contributed 4% of the admissions and 29% of the mortality. Brucellosis disappeared as a reason for requesting hospital admission in North East Scotland.
J Infect 1994 Sep
PMID:An analysis of 900 consecutive admissions to a regional infection unit. 780 82

In recent years, Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris (PPP) has been described as one of the representative second lesions of focal tonsillitis in Japan. We selected 289 cases of PPP, treated with bilateral tonsillectomy at our department over the past 12 years for this clinical evaluation. In 211 of those 289 tonsillectomy cases, follow-up was done for more than 3 months after operation. Prior to tonsillectomy, 196 cases suffered from PPP only, 90 cases had the complication of osteo-arthral lesions such as sterno-costa-clavicular hyperosteosis (SCCH), rheumatoid arthritis, and soon, whereas only 3 cases showed simultaneous lesions of Psoriasis vulgaris. The efficacy of tonsillectomy for improving the skin lesions was classified into 6 grades, mainly based upon individual evaluation by each patient as follows; disappeared, remarkably improved, improved, slightly improved, unchanged, and worsened. According to our 211 cases, post tonsillectomy improvement of skin lesions was very obvious, with disappearance occurring in 54.3% of cases and remarkable improvement in 21.4%. Age of onset and the duration from onset to tonsillectomy showed no association with effectiveness. However, the shorter the duration from onset to tonsillectomy, the fewer days were required for improvement of the skin lesions. The rate of improvement of PPP rose in conjunction with the number of days after tonsillectomy. We conclude that it requires 12 months, at minimum, to determine the efficacy of tonsillectomy as a treatment for PPP.
Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1994 Sep
PMID:[Efficacy of tonsillectomy for improving skin lesions of Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris--evaluation of 289 cases at the Department of Otolaryngology of Sapporo Medical University]. 796 76

The proliferative response of lymphocytes induced by a new streptococcal mitogenic factor (MF) and the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (Spe) A and B was determined in sera from 6 healthy persons. Responses were compared to those obtained from reference serum that lacked mitogen-specific ELISA antibodies. The sera showed individual variations in the levels of MF- and Spe-specific antibodies, as determined by ELISA. The experiments showed that most human sera, which contained mitogen-specific antibodies, could neutralize the mitogenicity of the proteins. However, there were sera that contained mitogen-specific antibodies but that did not inhibit the toxin-induced proliferation. Thus, the ELISA antibody titer did not always equal the neutralizing capacity. Sera from 27 patients with group A streptococcal bacteremia had significantly lower neutralizing ability against MF and SpeB than did sera from 25 uncomplicated tonsillitis cases.
J Infect Dis 1994 Sep
PMID:Relation between low capacity of human sera to inhibit streptococcal mitogens and serious manifestation of disease. 807 15

Dirithromycin is a new macrolide antibiotic that is effective against group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. This prospective, multicenter, randomized study compared the serum and tonsil tissue concentrations of erythromycylamine (to which dirithromycin is rapidly converted by nonenzymatic hydrolysis during absorption) and erythromycin after 5- and 10-day regimens of dirithromycin and erythromycin, respectively. Thirty-nine patients undergoing elective tonsillectomy but without active tonsillitis were assigned in randomized fashion to receive dirithromycin 500 mg orally once daily (n = 22) or erythromycin base 250 mg orally four times daily (n = 17). Data from 12 patients receiving dirithromycin and 10 receiving erythromycin were eligible for analysis. Mean serum concentrations (+/-standard deviation) of erythromycylamine and erythromycin were 0.20 +/- 0.07 microgram/mL and 0.12 +/- 0.25 microgram/mL, respectively, after the 5-day regimen and 0.17 +/- 0.10 microgram/mL and 1.57 +/- 3.16 micrograms/mL, respectively, after the 10-day regimen. The mean serum concentration of erythromycin after 10 days was skewed by the data for one of the six patients in the group (concentration of > 8 micrograms/mL). Mean concentrations of erythromycylamine in tonsil tissue were 4.62 +/- 0.97 micrograms/ g after 5 days and 3.47 +/- 2.84 micrograms/g after 10 days. Concentrations in tonsillar tissue were undetectable in all patients given erythromycin for 5 days and in 4 of the 6 patients given erythromycin for 10 days. The high concentrations of erythromycylamine in tonsillar tissue agree with the clinical efficacy seen in the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis with dirithromycin.
J Clin Pharmacol 1996 Sep
PMID:Tonsillar tissue penetration of dirithromycin after multiple doses. 888 4

The efficacy and safety of azithromycin and penicillin V in the treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis in paediatric patients were compared in a double-blind, double-dummy prospective study. A total of 489 children (age range, 2-13 years) were randomized to receive treatment with penicillin V (125-250 mg 4 x daily for 10 days) or azithromycin in an oral suspension (10 or 20 mg/kg 1 x daily for 3 days). Only patients with baseline cultures positive for Streptococcus pyogenes and complete clinical and microbiological assessments at the end of the therapy and follow-up one month later were included in the efficacy analysis. A satisfactory clinical response (cure or improvement) was recorded in 99% of the 10 mg/kg azithromycin group, 100% of the 20 mg/kg azithromycin group, and 97% of the penicillin V group at the end of therapy (day 12-14). At the follow-up evaluation (day 28-30), relapse rates in patients cured or improved at the end of therapy were 6%, 5%, and 2%, respectively. Bacteriological eradication rates at the end of therapy were 98% in both azithromycin groups and 92% in patients who received penicillin V (p = 0.011); pathogen recurrence was recorded at follow-up in 4% of the 20 mg/kg azithromycin group and in 6% of both the 10 mg/kg azithromycin and penicillin V groups. Treatment-related adverse events, the majority of mild to moderate severity, occurred in 13% of patients in the 20 mg/kg azithromycin group, 9% in the 10 mg/kg azithromycin group, and 5% in the penicillin V group. Azithromycin in a dosage of 10 or 20 mg/kg/day one daily for three days was as safe and effective as penicillin V administered four times daily in the treatment of paediatric patients with acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996 Sep
PMID:Azithromycin versus penicillin V in the treatment of paediatric patients with acute streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Paediatric Azithromycin Study Group. 892 71

Localization and semiquantification of beta-haemolytic streptococci, Group A (GABHS), GABHS attachment and general bacterial attachment to epithelial cells (bacterial number and morphology) were studied during GABHS-positive acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis infections and among healthy GABHS carriers. Samples were collected from various areas of the oropharynx (palatine tonsils, posterior oropharyngeal wall, palatoglossal arch and buccal mucosa). During acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis, GABHS grew in samples obtained from the palatine tonsils and posterior oropharyngeal wall. The ratio of GABHS colonies to other aerobic colonies increased, and GABHS became attached to epithelial cells of both palatine tonsils and posterior oropharyngeal wall. In GABHS carriers, GABHS were found mainly on the palatine tonsils, but these microorganisms were not attached to the epithelium. Overall bacterial attachment to tonsillar and oropharyngeal epithelial cells increased during active tonsillitis and pharyngitis.
Acta Otolaryngol 1997 Sep
PMID:Selective attachment of beta-haemolytic streptococci group A to oropharyngeal epithelium in health and disease. 934 74


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