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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infections with Herpesvirus hominis type 1 were associated with 11.5% of acute respiratory illnesses of university students who were admitted to the student infirmary over a 6-year period. Over three-quarters of these infections were detected in students with pharyngitis or tonsillitis; 42% had ulcerated lesions on tonsils or posterior pharynx but only 11% had lesions in the anterior portion of the mouth or lips. Almost all of the H. hominis infections were accompanied by significant rises in neutralizing antibodies and few students had detectable antibodies in the initial serum collected during the acute phase of illness. Special studies revealed herpes-specific IgM antibodies in the early convalescent sera of some of these patients. The data demonstrate that 80% of the infections detected were primary infections with H. hominis. Only 30% of university students possessed neutralizing antibodies to H. hominis and about 10% of those without antibodies acquired antibodies each year. These data suggest that the majority of persons from middle income families reach young adulthood without acquiring infections of H. hominis and the spread of the virus requires close and intimate contact.
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PMID:Acute respiratory disease of university students with special reference to the etiologic role of Herpesvirus hominis. 16 68

Infections of the upper respiratory tract are common to both the immunodeficient and the normal child during their development. The most common head and neck manifestations of immunodeficiency disease are recurrent suppurative otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis, rhinitis, and nasopharyngitis. Often the head and neck specialist is confronted with a child with one or more of these problems and must institute the appropriate therapy or decide on an avenue for further investigation. This paper outlines the major immunodeficiency state, discusses the immune defects thought to be responsible for the spectrum of clinical findings, and suggests a systematic approach to the evaluation of these difficult diseases. The recognition of immunodeficient individuals is an important step in their treatment so that adjunctive immunological therapy can be provided.
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PMID:Immunodeficiency diseases: head and neck manifestations. 698 47

Ceftezole (CTZ) was administered to 20 patients with hematopoietic malignancy complicated with infections. These patients consisted of 7 cases of AML, 2 ALL, 2 AMMoL, 1 APL, 1 blast crisis of CML, 2 HD, and 5 NHL. In 13 cases, sites of infection were determined and causative organisms were identified. In other 7 cases, sites of infection or causative organisms were unknown. In the former 13 cases, pneumonia was demonstrated in 6 patients, tonsillitis in 4 patients, pyelonephritis in 2 patients and sepsis in 1 patient. Klebsiella was separated from 5 patients as the causative organisms, E. coli from 2 patients, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 1 patient, Pseudomonas cepacia from 1 patient, Streptococcus viridans from 2 patients, Proteus from 1 patient and Torulopsis from 1 patient. Gram-negative rods were separated from 10 of the 13 cases (77%) as the causative organisms. CTZ was administered intravenously in dose from 4 g to 16 g per day combined with other antibiotics (AMK, GM, DKB, TOB, SBPC, CBPC, LC, ST). The response rate in 12 cases of acute leukemia and in 7 cases of malignant lymphoma was 58% and 43%, respectively. Infections occurred in 4 patients with less than 100 neutrophil per mm3 did never favorably responded even with CTZ.
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PMID:[Treatment of infection in the patients wih hematopoietic malignancy with ceftezole (Falomesin) (author's transl)]. 721 16

Infections of the upper airways reduce life quality of adults on average twice, that of children even 4 to 8 times a year. Usually these are viral infections subsiding spontaneously without antibiotics. Only if concomittant circumstances arise and in specific clinical situations (otitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, epiglottitis) as well as in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis are antibiotics already indicated at first consultation. The physician who is usually consulted by a patient with increasing discomfort under self-medication and who is expecting an antibiotic treatment has next to the clinical findings and prior laboratory test results to consider before all the individual (home, workplace, school) and epidemiologic (influenza) situation, the possible pathogens, their susceptibility to antibiotics as well as the side effects and costs for the decision to prescribe antibiotics. Today because of an increasing pressure of selection for pathogens resistant to antibiotics a greater reluctance to prescribe antibiotics is recommended. This requires close follow-up of the patient with symptomatic treatment or only short "probatory" antibiotic therapy and a good patient-physician relationship.
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PMID:[When and why are antibiotics indicated in airway infections (except pneumonia)?]. 924 62

The acronym WHIM refers to Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis. The latter refers to the retention of white cells in the marrow, which becomes hypercellular. We have found approximately 20 examples of WHIM syndrome in the literature under various designations; the first examples are Zuelzer [1964] and Krill et al. [1964]. Chronic noncyclic neutropenia and hypercellular bone marrow represent defective release of marrow cells into the peripheral stream (myelokathexis). The hypermature neutrophils are bizarre in form. Condensed nuclei connected by long, stringy filaments and vacuolated cytoplasm suggest apoptosis. Fever or other stress increases the release of neutrophils. Hypogammaglobulinemia is marked and associated with recurrent upper respiratory infections (sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, pneumonia). Patients have numerous warts, some venereal, with resultant cervical and vulval premalignant dysplasia. We report on a kindred of 6 affected individuals in 3 generations with autosomal dominant WHIM syndrome. The sex ratio among reported patients and in our kindred is 17 female to 8 male. Because there had been no male-to-male transmssion, search of the entire X-chromosome including the pseudoautosomal area was carried out and no linkage was found. Recently, the propositus has had an unaffected daughter, confirming our finding that the gene is not X-linked. A genome-wide search is being carried out.
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PMID:WHIM syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder: clinical, hematological, and molecular studies. 1076 1

The global epidemic of HIV infection remains appalling. By 2001, there were an estimated 1.4 million HIV-infected children, with 4.5 million deaths. In the UK, paediatric cases are clustered around population centres where there are high concentrations of infected immigrant adults, and to a lesser extent, areas where IV drug abuse is common. The highest incidence remains in London and the southeast. With the national redistribution of immigrant and refugee families, any doctor in any specialty may expect to be involved with children who are HIV positive, or have clinical AIDS. The majority of children are infected vertically, i.e. infection of the infant from an infected mother in the pre-, peri-, or post-natal periods. Rates of transmission vary from 15-20% in the developed countries. Children with HIV infection may have their primary presentation to ENT doctors, who should have appropriate thresholds for suspecting the diagnosis. The most common presenting features include persistent generalised lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, chronic/recurrent diarrhoea, poor growth, and fever. Fifteen to twenty percent of untreated children will present with an AIDS-defining illness by 12 months, typically with Pneumocystis pneumonia at approximately 3-4 months of age. Seventy percent of perinatally infected children will exhibit some signs or symptoms by 12 months Without treatment, the median age to progression to AIDS is approximately 6 years, and 25-30% will have died by this age. The median age of death is approximately 9 years. Children may also present with repeated/unusual ear infections, sinus disease (inc. mastoiditis), tonsillitis, orbital/peri-orbital cellulitis, oral candidiasis, and dental infections. Infections with streptococcus pneumoniae and group A streptococcus are common, and often progress to severe systemic infection with an appreciable mortality. Infections may be due to unusual pathogens such as Pseudomonas, 'typical' and atypical Mycobacteria, Candida, Aspergillus, etc. Fungal infections of the sinuses (inc. Aspergillus and Rhizopus spp.) may be particularly devastating, with rapid spread to involve bone and the central nervous system. Another classical presentation, which may present to ENT doctors, is that of bilateral parotid enlargement, especially in children who are 'slow progressors', many of whom also have Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonitis (LIP). A major attitudinal change has occurred due to advances in 3 main areas: (i) the multidisciplinary management of the infected mother (inc. counselling, antenatal screening, elective caesarean section, advising against breast feeding, etc.), (ii) the prevention of vertical transmission, using anti-retroviral therapy to the infected mother during pregnancy, and to the potentially infected infant in the first weeks of life, and (iii) major advances due to the advent of highly active anti-retroviral treatment. With effective use of these measures, transmission rates may be reduced to <2%. None of the measures though, affect a cure, and it will still be many years before the development of effective vaccines. ENT doctors may be referred children already known to be HIV-positive. Knowing how to talk to infected children (and their parents) is full of potential pitfalls, and requires careful forethought. Many infection-control policies have required considerable rethinking due to the AIDS epidemic. This has especially been the case with respect to needle-stick injuries, post-exposure prophylaxis, sterilization and re-use of equipment, and safe approaches to surgery.
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PMID:HIV infection in children--impact upon ENT doctors. 1466 74

Infections are considered one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and occasionally can trigger a catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). We describe a 22-year-old SLE patient with lupus nephritis under immunosuppressant therapy and asymptomatic carrier of antiphospholipid antibodies, who was admitted with tonsillitis and acute hepatitis, developing multiorgan failure in a few hours. Postmortem examination revealed hepatic necrosis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis and uterine cervicitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) together with microthrombosis in lungs and glomerular arterioles, suggesting the diagnosis of fulminant HSV disseminated infection and catastrophic APS.
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PMID:Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome triggered by fulminant disseminated herpes simplex infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. 2293 Feb 5

Infections of the upper respiratory tract include inflammations of the nose, sinuses (sinusitis), pharynx (tonsillitis, pharyngitis) and larynx (laryngitis) with bacteria or viruses as the main cause of these conditions. Due to their repetitive nature, chronic respiratory infections represent a global problem which is often a result of an improper treatment. If not treated adequately, these conditions may have serious consequences. On the other hand, mis - and overuse of antibiotics has reduced their efficiency and accelerated the development of resistant bacterial strains, which further complicates the treatment of infections. This literature review will focus on current knowledge regarding medicinal plants and mushrooms which have been traditionally used in treatment of infections caused by chronic sinusitis and tonsillitis commonly linked bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. The present literature overview might be considered as a starting point for the development of novel, natural antimicrobial products with potential practical use in the treatment of chronic tonsillitis and sinusitis.
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PMID:An up-to-date review on bio-resource therapeutics effective against bacterial species frequently associated with chronic sinusitis and tonsillitis. 3236 71