Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological, and clinical studies on cefdinir (CFDN, FK482) (10% fine granules), a new oral cephem, were performed in pediatrics. 1. Bioequivalencies of plasma concentrations and urinary excretions of CFDN 5% and 10% fine granules were investigated on 3 pediatric patients with ages between 5 to 13 years administered with a drug in fasting state at a dose level of 3 mg/kg using a cross over method. Average plasma concentrations in a group of patients administered with 5% fine granules peaked at 3 hours after administration with a level of 1.05 +/- 0.29 micrograms/ml (mean +/- S.E.) and decreased to 0.12 +/- 0.05 micrograms/ml at 8 hours with a half-life of 1.48 +/- 0.09 hours. In the group administered with 10% fine granules, average plasma concentrations peaked at 2 hours after administration with a level of 1.32 +/- 0.12 micrograms/ml, and decreased to 0.20 +/- 0.11 microgram/ml at 8 hours with a half-life of 1.68 +/- 0.28 hours. The first 8-hour urinary recovery rates of CFDN in the 5% and 10% fine granules groups averaged 19.64 +/- 5.69% and 23.37 +/- 2.36%, respectively. Both average and individual plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates in the patients of the 10% fine granules group were somewhat higher than those of the 5% fine granules group, but no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups including areas under concentrations. 2. CFDN 10% fine granule preparation was administered to 33 pediatric patients with ages between 1 to 13 years with various infections, and its clinical effects, bacteriological effects and safety were assessed. In 31 of the 33 patients (2 patients were excluded since they were with non-bacterial infections) clinical effects were excellent in all of 9 patients with scarlet fever (3), acute pharyngitis (3) or impetigo (3), excellent in 12 and good in 3 of 15 patients with acute purulent tonsillitis, and excellent in 4 and good in 3 of 7 patients with acute pneumonia. The overall efficacy rate was 100%. Bacteriological effects against causative organisms were evaluated. All the identified Staphylococcus aureus (4 strains) and Streptococcus agalactiae (1) were eradicated. Of 10 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 9 strains were eradicated and the other one was reduced. Of 7 strains of Haemophilus influenzae 4 were eradicated, 1 persisted and the fate of the remaining 2 were unknown. The overall eradication rate was 90.0%. Microbial substitutions were observed in 5 patients. The new, replacing bacteria were all Haemophilus spp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical evaluations of cefdinir 10% fine granules in pediatrics]. 176 68

The Pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of cefdinir (CFDN, FK482) were examined in pediatric patients. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Plasma concentrations and urinary excretions of CFDN after administration of 5% fine granules were investigated on 4 children at a dose level of 6 mg/kg. Average plasma concentrations peaked at 4 hours after administration at 0.99 micrograms/ml with a half-life of 2.12 hours. The first 24-hour urinary recovery rates of CFDN in 3 children averaged 22.0%. 2. CFDN was given to 24 children (11 with pharyngitis, 3 with tonsillitis, 8 with scarlet fever, 1 with urinary tract infection and 1 with enteritis due to Salmonella); 15 were treated with 5% fine granules and 9 with 10% fine granules at daily doses of about 10 mg/kg in 2 to 3 divided portions. Clinical effects were excellent in 16, good in 7 and not evaluable in 1, with an overall efficacy rate of 100%. 3. Identified causative organisms were 12 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 4 of Haemophilus influenzae, 5 of Haemophilus parainfluenzae, 1 of Escherichia coli, and 1 of Salmonella. Bacteriological effects were rated as "eradicated" for 19 strains, "unchanged" for 4 with an eradication rate of 82.6%. 4. No side effects were observed. As for abnormal laboratory test results, a transient decrease of white blood cells was observed in 1 patient. 5. The CFDN fine granule preparations were preferably accepted by the children. 6. The fine granular preparations of CFDN, a new oral antibiotic, were useful for the treatment of bacterial infections in pediatrics.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefdinir fine granules in the field of pediatrics]. 176 71

Cefpirome (HR 810, CPR), a new cephem antibiotic, was investigated for its experimental and clinical studies in pediatrics. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Plasma and urinary levels of CPR were determined in 2 children (age 5 and 7 years) after the one shot intravenous injection of the drug at 20 mg/kg. Average plasma levels of the drug were 44.7 micrograms/ml, 28.5 micrograms/ml, 10.5 micrograms/ml, 4.6 micrograms/ml and 1.5 micrograms/ml at 1/2 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours, respectively, and the average half life was 1.57 hours. Average urinary levels of the drug were 1,785 micrograms/ml, 545 micrograms/ml and 198 micrograms/ml at 0-2 hours, 2-4 hours, 4-6 hours, respectively and the average urinary elimination rate was 52.0%. The results were nearly equivalent to those in adults except for urinary elimination rate which tended to be slightly lower than that in adults. 2. Cerebrospinal fluid levels in 3 cases of purulent meningitis treated with CPR were investigated. Cerebrospinal fluid levels in a case of Neisseria meningitidis were 11.5-23.1 micrograms/ml at 1 hour and 0.94 microgram/ml at 5 hours after intravenous injection of 44.4 mg/kg, 4 times a day. Cerebrospinal fluid levels in a case of Streptococcus pneumoniae were 1.01-4.23 micrograms/ml at 1 hour after intravenous injection of 49.0 mg/kg, 6 times a day, and in the other case with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the levels were 16.8-37.1 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 11.3 and 3.60 micrograms/ml at 3 and 4 hours after intravenous injection 52.2 mg/kg, 6 times a day. These results are not inferior to those with cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. These levels appear to be higher than MIC90 values against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae which are the major pathogens of these diseases. 3. CPR was given to 62 patients and clinical efficacy, bacteriological response and adverse reactions were evaluated. Evaluated cases for clinical efficacy included 3 cases of purulent meningitis, 1 case of acute purulent otitis media, 2 cases of acute purulent tonsillitis, 1 case of acute bronchitis, 49 cases of acute pneumoniae, 1 case of scarlet fever, 1 case of acute osteomyelitis, 1 case of acute enterocolitis, and 2 cases of acute UTI, totalling 61 cases. Clinical efficacies were excellent in 38 cases, good in 22 cases and fair in 1 case with an efficacy rete of 98.4% (excellent + good).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefpirome in pediatrics]. 188 1

Respiratory tract pathogens (beta-haemolytic streptococci groups A, C and G, Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis or pneumococci), were isolated from nasopharyngeal and/or throat swabs in 73/138 (53%) patients greater than 10 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis, acute tonsillitis, purulent nasopharyngitis or acute bronchitis. Serological evidence of a viral infection (influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus) or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was found in 10% of the patients. The serum content of C-reactive protein (S-CRP) was increased (greater than 12 mg/l) in 26/33 (79%) patients with streptococci and in 22/59 (37%) patients without respiratory tract bacteria. In patients with a serological evidence of a virus tonsillitis, the S-CRP was also high (32-64 mg/l). At follow-up 10-12 days after the first visit, the clinical effect of erythromycin and penicillin V was judged to be similar (90% clinical effect). Relapse or re-infection with group A streptococci were seen in 7 patients (4 on erythromycin, 3 on penicillin). In another 6 patients (3 on erythromycin, 3 on penicillin), antibiotic treatment was switched owing to persisting symptoms, probably due to H. Influenzae infection in 3 cases. The patients' own estimates of their symptoms suggested treatment with erythromycin to have a more rapid effect than treatment with penicillin.
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PMID:Erythromycin and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) in the treatment of respiratory tract infections as related to microbiological findings and serum C-reactive protein. 190 52

Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefpirome (CPR, HR 810) in children were studied. When 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg doses of CPR were administered to 4 children through 30 minutes' drip infusion, half-lives were 1.23 +/- 0.23 (mean +/- S.D.) hours and 1.37 +/- 0.35 (mean +/- S.D.) hours, respectively for the 2 dose levels, and recovery rates in urine in the first 6 hours after administration were 74.8% and 56.1%, respectively. CPR was administered to 15 cases (3 tonsillitis, 3 bronchitis, 5 bronchopneumonia, 1 acute cystitis, 1 coxoiliatitis, 1 otitis media, 1 otitis externa). The efficacy rate was 86.7%. Seven strains of bacteria were isolated and identified 4 Haemophilus influenzae, 3 Staphylococcus aureus, 1 Pseudomonas sp. from these cases. These bacteria in children were followed after administration of CPR. Six strains were eradicated and one was reduced in number. No adverse effects of CPR were observed except in 2 cases, one of which showed transient eosinophilia and the other showed a transient increase of transaminase. These results suggest that CPR may be an effective and safe drug to use on children clinically.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation of cefpirome in children]. 204 Nov 60

This study describes the pharmacokinetic characteristics and clinical usefulness of cefpirome (CPR) in children. Mean half-lives of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg of CPR injected intravenously in one shot were 1.18 and 1.34 hours, respectively, and their mean recovery rates into urine were 69.8 and 72.2%, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of CPR against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae were the same as or lower than those of ceftazidime. CPR was clinically effective in 14/15 of patients with bacterial infections; 8/9 of pneumonia, 2/2 of bronchitis, 1/1 of pharyngitis, 1/1 of tonsillitis, 1/1 of osteomyelitis, 1/1 of urinary tract infection. No clinically overt side effects of CPR were found, while an increase of eosinophils in blood was observed in 2 cases, and an increase of platelet in blood in 1 case and an elevation of serum GPT activity in 1 case were also observed. These findings indicate that CPR is useful for the treatment of bacterial infections in children.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetical and clinical study of cefpirome in children]. 204 Nov 62

Pharmacokinetic , bacteriological and clinical studies on norfloxacin (NFLX), a quinolone-carboxylic acid antibacterial agent, were conducted in the pediatric field. 1. Serum concentrations and urinary excretion of NFLX after single dose of 2.2 approximately 5.6 mg/kg (mean 4.4 +/- 1.2 mg/kg) were determined in 13 children with ages between 6 and 11 years. The mean peak serum concentration of the drug was 0.37 +/- 0.20 micrograms/ml at 2 hours after administration. The mean half-life of the drug in serum was 2.8 +/- 0.4 hours and the serum concentration at 8 hours was 0.11 +/- 0.06 micrograms/ml. The mean urinary concentration reached a maximum of 125.2 +2- 166.2 micrograms/ml in pooled urine from 0 to 2 hours and the mean urinary recovery rate in the first 8 hours after administration was 22.1 +/- 6.0%. A dose-response relationship was observed between doses/body weight and peak serum concentrations. 2. The clinical efficacy, bacteriological efficacy and the safety of NFLX were evaluated in 65 pediatric patients with ages between 2 years 10 months and 15 years 7 months with infections. In 62 assessable cases (acute purulent tonsillitis 9 cases, acute pneumonia 3 cases, chronic rhinitis 1 case, urinary tract infections 15 cases, and acute colitis 34 cases), clinical efficacies were excellent in 48 cases, good in 13 cases, and fair in 1 case with an overall efficacy rate of 98.4%. Staphylococcus aureus 1 strain, Staphylococcus epidermidis 1 strain, Escherichia coli 10 strains, Salmonella sp. 5 strains, Morganella morganii 1 strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3 strains, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 1 strain and Campylobacter jejuni 12 strains were isolated from the patients as pathogens. Bacteriologically, all of these strains were eradicated except that 3 strains of C. jejuni only decreased. With regard to side effects, dizziness and nausea were observed in 1 case each but they were slight and the continuation of the treatment was possible. No abnormal laboratory test data were observed. From the above results, NFLX was considered to be a useful drug for the treatment of pediatric infections.
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PMID:[Basic and clinical studies on norfloxacin in the pediatric field]. 226 68

Cefdinir (CFDN), a new oral cephalosporin, was administered to 10 patients with various infections and the following results were obtained. 1. Clinical responses in 10 patients (1 patient with rhinitis, 2 with sinusitis, 1 with pharyngitis, 1 with tonsillitis, 4 with scarlet fever and 1 with abscess) were excellent in 6 and good in 4 with an efficacy rate of 100%. 2. Eleven species of bacteria were isolated (3 of Staphylococcus aureus, 6 of Streptococcus pyogenes and 2 of Haemophilus influenzae) and all of them were eradicated by the treatment with CFDN. 3. No side effects or abnormal laboratory test values were noted. None of the patients refused to take the drug.
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PMID:[A clinical evaluation of cefdinir in pediatric infections]. 228 13

30 patients with recurrent tonsillitis were treated with amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (500 mg/125 mg) t.i.d. for 10 days. The most often isolated potential aerobic pathogenic bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus milleri and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Group A streptococci were isolated from 7 patients. Anaerobic cocci and Bacteroides species were the dominating anaerobic bacteria isolated from the tonsils. Tonsillar cultures were taken before antibiotic treatment started, on days 11-12, day 30, and day 90. Beta-lactamase producing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were present in 13 patients prior to treatment, on days 11-12 in 18 patients, on day 30 in 15 patients, and on day 90 in 13 patients. Group A streptococci were eradicated in 6/7 patients. In the aerobic tonsillar microflora, the numbers of viridans streptococci decreased during treatment but were normalized after 30 days. Only minor changes in the numbers of other aerobic microorganisms occurred during the investigation. The effect on the anaerobic microflora was minor and no new colonizing microorganisms were isolated during or after antibiotic treatment. All patients except one were cured on days 11-12. Five patients had another episode of tonsillitis during the observation period of 3 months. The antibiotic treatment was well tolerated in most patients and mild adverse events such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea were observed in 3 patients.
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PMID:Effect of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid on the aerobic and anaerobic tonsillar microflora in the treatment of recurrent tonsillitis. 228 75

Bacteriological and clinical studies on norfloxacin (NFLX) were carried out in the field of pediatrics, and the results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The MICs of NFLX against clinically isolated organisms were determined to compare with MICs of nalidixic acid, amoxicillin, cefaclor, erythromycin and fosfomycin. NFLX had low MICs against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and, particularly, showed higher antimicrobial activity to Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Campylobacter jejuni than any other drugs tested. 2. Seventeen pediatric patients (11 cases of enteritis, 4 cases of urinary tract infections, 1 case of tonsillitis and 1 case of pyoderma) were treated orally with NFLX in daily doses ranging from 3.1 to 16.7 mg/kg t.i.d. for 6-14 days. Rates of clinical effectiveness and bacterial elimination were 94.1% and 58.8%, respectively. 3. None of the treated children showed clinical symptoms indicating the occurrence of side effects nor abnormal laboratory findings except 1 patient with eosinophilia. These results indicate the usefulness of NFLX in the treatment of bacterial infections in the pediatric field.
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PMID:[Bacteriological and clinical studies on norfloxacin in the field of pediatrics]. 239 55


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