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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The different occurrences of pathogens in acute and chronic otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis and infections of the respiratory tract are described, with consideration given to the development of gram-negative flora. Therapeutic plans are presented with regard to each of the possible organism patterns. Specific emphasis is given to the aminoglycoside antibiotics which can affect the auditory and vestibular systems.
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PMID:[Special problems in the chemotherapy of bacterial infections in otolaryngology (author's transl)]. 92 14

We have summarized our experience in recovery of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (BLPB) in head and neck infection (HNI). These HNI include conjunctivitis, serous and chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, chronic mastoiditis, chronic sinusitis, adenoiditis, recurrent tonsillitis in children and adults, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess. Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria were found in 262 (51%) of 513 patients with HNI; 72% had aerobic BLPB and 57% had anaerobic BLPB. The infections, where these organisms were most frequently recovered, were adenoiditis (85% of patients), tonsillitis in adults (82%) and children (74%), retropharyngeal abscess (71%), and chronic otitis media (57%). The predominant BLPB were Staphylococcus aureus (49% of patients with BLPB), the Bacteroides-melaninogenicus group (28%), the Bacteroides fragilis group (20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Hemophilus influenzae (5%), and Branhamella catarrhalis (3%). The high incidence of recovery of BLPB in head and neck infections may have important implications on the antimicrobial management of these infections.
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PMID:Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in head and neck infection. 325 96

Branhamella catarrhalis has been recovered from various sites of infection in the respiratory tract. These include chronic otitis media, tonsillitis, adenoiditis and pneumonia. This organism was recovered in many of these infections mixed with other aerobic, facultative anaerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Increasing numbers of isolates of this organism have been noted to produce beta-lactamase. This may contribute to the high failure rate of penicillins in eradicating polymicrobial respiratory infections.
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PMID:Direct and indirect pathogenicity of Branhamella catarrhalis. 348 2

The concentration of CZON was determined by HPLC in surgical patients with chronic otitis media, sinusitis, and tonsillitis. One gram of CZON was injected intravenously prior to surgery. The time course of the mean tissue CZON level was as follows: In the middle ear mucosa, 3.7 micrograms/g at 15 min, 7.2 micrograms/g at 30 min, and 2.9 micrograms/g at 1 hr (the half life: 21.3 min). In the maxillary sinus mucosa, 10.5 micrograms/g at 15 min, 11.8 micrograms/g at 30 min, and 2.8 micrograms/g at 1 hr (the half life: 17.5 min). In the tonsils, 14.9 micrograms/g at 15 min, 9.3 micrograms/g at 30 min, and 2.0 micrograms/g at 1 hr (the half life: 13.2 min). The concentration was high in the maxillary sinus mucosa and the tonsils, but was low in the middle ear mucosa. In the formers the transfer ratio reached its peak 15 to 30 min after administration, but in the latter the peak was reached 30 to 60 min after administration. The order of the transfer ratio at each region was above 25%. The tissue concentration exceeded the MIC80s of frequent isolates from these infections. CZON is considered to be a highly useful drug in the treatment of these infections.
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PMID:Tissue transmigration of CZON (Cosmosin) to middle ear mucosa, maxillary sinus mucosa, and palatine tonsils. 777 25

Anaerobic bacteria are common in chronic upper respiratory tract and head and neck infections. Anaerobes are the most predominant components of the normal human oropharyngeal bacterial flora, and are therefore a common cause of bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract that are of endogenous origin. Because of their fastidious nature, anaerobes are difficult to isolate from infectious sites and are often overlooked. Anaerobic bacteria can be recovered in chronic otitis media and sinusitis, and play a role in tonsillitis. They are also important in complications of these infections. Anaerobes predominate in deep oral and neck infections and abscesses. In addition to their direct pathogenicity in these infections, they possess an indirect role through their ability to produce the enzyme beta-lactamase. In this fashion, they are capable of "shielding" non-beta-lactamase-producing bacteria from penicillins. The lack of directing adequate therapy against these organisms may lead to clinical failures. Their isolation requires appropriate methods of collection, transportation, and cultivation of specimens. Treatment of anaerobic infections is complicated by the slow growth of these organisms, by their polymicrobial nature, and by the growing resistance of anaerobic bacteria to antimicrobials. Antimicrobial therapy is often the only form of therapy required, whereas in other cases, it is an important adjunct to a surgical approach. Because anaerobic bacteria generally are recovered mixed with aerobic organisms, the choice of appropriate antimicrobial agents should provide for adequate coverage of both types of pathogens.
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PMID:Anaerobic bacteria in upper respiratory tract and other head and neck infections. 1201 28

Anaerobes of oral origin are common in chronic upper respiratory tract and other head and neck infections. Anaerobes are the predominant components of the normal human oropharyngeal flora, and are therefore a common cause of bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract that are of endogenous origin. These bacteria can be isolated in chronic otitis media, sinusitis, and tonsillitis, and their complications. Anaerobes also predominate in deep oral and neck infections and abscesses. Their isolation requires appropriate methods of collection, transportation, and cultivation of specimens. In addition to their active pathogenic role in these infections, many anaerobes express an indirect effect through their ability to produce the enzyme beta-lactamase. This enables these organisms to shield non-beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (BLPB) from penicillins. Inadequate therapy against BLPB may lead to clinical failures. Treatment of anaerobic infection is complicated by their slow growth, their polymicrobial nature, and the growing resistance of anaerobic bacteria to antimicrobials. Antimicrobial therapy is often the only form of therapy needed, whereas in other instances it is an important adjunct to a surgical approach. Because anaerobes generally are isolated mixed with aerobic organisms, therapy should provide for adequate coverage of both types of pathogens.
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PMID:Antibiotic resistance of oral anaerobic bacteria and their effect on the management of upper respiratory tract and head and neck infections. 1222 99

Deep neck infection is relatively rare but potentially life threatening complication of common oropharyngeal infections. This retrospective study was aimed at analyzing the occurrence of complications, diagnostic methods and proper management of deep neck infection. A review was conducted in 32 cases who were diagnosed as having deep neck infection from 1995 to 2005. The causes of deep neck infections were tonsillitis (16 cases), tooth diseases (6 cases), paratonsillar abscess (4 cases), parotitis (1 case), pussy lymphonodes after tonsillectomy (2 cases), pussy congenital neck cyst (1 case), chronic otitis media (1 case), parotitis (1 case), foreign body of the esophagus (1 case). All the puss bacterial cultivation were positive. All the patients were treated by different ways of chirurgical drainage and use of large dosage of antibiotics. Deep neck infection should be suspected in patients with long lasting fever and painful swelling of the neck and treatment should begin quick as possible.
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PMID:[Deep neck infections]. 1715

Anaerobes are common pathogens in chronic upper respiratory tract and head and neck infections. They can be recovered in chronic otitis media and sinusitis, play a role in tonsillitis, and predominate in complications of these infections, causing deep oral and neck infections and abscesses. In addition to their direct pathogenicity, they play an indirect role through the production of the enzyme beta-lactamase, "shielding" non-beta-lactamase-producing bacteria from penicillins. Failure to provide adequate therapy against anaerobes may lead to clinical failures. Management of anaerobic infection is complicated by the slow growth of these organisms, by their polymicrobial nature, and by their growing resistance to antimicrobials. Antimicrobials are often the only form of therapy needed, but surgical approach is needed in some cases. Because anaerobes often are mixed with aerobic organisms, the antimicrobials given should provide adequate coverage against all pathogens.
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PMID:The role of anaerobic bacteria in upper respiratory tract and other head and neck infections. 1743 Jul 2

The objective of this study is to present the antimicrobial management modalities of treating upper respiratory tract (URT) and head and neck infections. This article discusses the current antimicrobial treatment strategies of URT and head and neck infections. The increasing antimicrobial resistance of many bacterial pathogens has made the treatment of URT and head and neck infections more difficult. This review summarizes the aerobic and anaerobic microbiology and antimicrobials therapy of acute and chronic URT and head and neck infections. These infections include dental (gingivitis, periodontitis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and periodontal abscess), acute and chronic otitis media, mastoiditis and sinusitis, pharyngo-tonsillitis, peritonsillar, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses, suppurative thyroiditis, cervical lymphadenitis, parotitis, siliadenitis, and deep neck infections including Lemierre syndrome. In conclusion, the proper management of these infections requires an accurate clinical and bacteriological diagnosis.
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PMID:Current management of upper respiratory tract and head and neck infections. 1898 71

Anaerobic bacteria predominate in the normal flora of the human oropharynx and therefore are a common cause of endogenous bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. They are found in chronic otitis media and sinusitis, play a pathogenic role in tonsillitis, and are important contributors to complications of these infections. Anaerobes also predominate in deep oral and neck infections and abscesses. Their direct pathogenicity in these infections is compounded by their ability to produce beta-lactamase, which allows anaerobes to "shield" non-beta-lactamase-producing bacteria from penicillin activity. Their slow growth, polymicrobial nature, and growing resistance to antimicrobial agents complicate treatment. Usually, antimicrobial therapy is all that is needed, but in some cases, it serves as an important adjunct to surgical intervention. Adequate antimicrobial coverage of both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria is essential because culture usually reveals a mixed infection. Failure to select the appropriate antibiotics may lead to clinical failure.
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PMID:Infections of the upper respiratory tract, head, and neck. The role of anaerobic bacteria. 1966 48


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