Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The goal of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of clarithromycin versus most commonly used treatments for upper respiratory infections. We performed a systematic review of comparative clinical trials found in the literature. Regarding effectiveness, no significant differences were found in comparisons between clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for upper respiratory infections, nor for cephalosporins, amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for otitis media, nor oral penicillin for classic streptococcal tonsillitis. Clarithromycin was more effective than betalactam antibiotics for sinusitis (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.01-1.61 in intent-to-treat analysis). The effectiveness of clarithromycin was better than that for azithromycin, but only reached statistical significance in the per-protocol analysis. The global analysis including all 33 clinical trials showed a small benefit for clarithromycin reaching statistical significance in the fixed-effects model (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01-1.25). Regarding safety, the incidence of adverse events was significantly lower for clarithromycin compared to amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. No differences were found when comparing adverse events due to cephalosporins, azithromycin and betalactam antibiotics, but the incidence of adverse events for clarithromycin was higher compared to that of oral penicillin for streptococcal tonsillitis treatment. Overall, all the compared drugs were well tolerated; discontinuations due to adverse events were very low: 2.2% for clarithromycin treatment and 2.5% for the other antibiotics. It was concluded that clarithromycin is an effective and safe treatment for upper respiratory infection, and its new formulation in a single daily dose may improve therapeutic compliance.
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PMID:[Meta-analysis of clarithromycin compared with other antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections]. 1470 24

This investigation examined the impact of a multistressor situation on salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels, and incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) during the French commando training (3 weeks of training followed by a 5-day combat course). For the URTI, the types of symptoms were classified according to the anatomical location of the infection. Saliva samples were collected (8 a.m.) from 21 males [21 (2) years] before entry into the commando training, the morning following the 3 weeks of training, after the 5-day combat course, and after 1 week of recovery. sIgA, protein and cortisol concentrations were measured. Symptoms of URTI were recorded during the study from health logs and medical examinations. After the 3 weeks of training, the sIgA concentration was not changed, although it was reduced after the 5-day course [from 120 (14) mg l(-1) to 71 (9) mg l(-1), P<0.01]. It returned to pre-training levels within a week of recovery. The incidence of URTI increased during the trial (chi(2)=53.48; P<0.01), but was not related to sIgA. Among the 30 episodes of URTI reported, there were 12 rhino-pharyngitis, 6 bronchitis, 5 tonsillitis, 4 sinusitis and 3 otitis. Cortisol levels were raised after the 3-week training (P<0.01), dropping below baseline after the combat course (P<0.01). Stressful situations have an adverse effect on mucosal immunity and incidence of URTI. However, the relationship between sIgA and illness remained unclear. The large proportion of rhino-pharyngitis indicated that the nasopharyngeal cavity is at a higher risk of infection.
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PMID:Intense training: mucosal immunity and incidence of respiratory infections. 1549 Feb 19

Cefditoren pivoxil (Spectracef, Meiact) is a third-generation oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against pathogens, including both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and is stable to hydrolysis by many common beta-lactamases. Cefditoren pivoxil is approved for use in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB), mild-to-moderate community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute maxillary sinusitis, acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (indications may differ between countries). In clinical trials in adults and adolescents, cefditoren pivoxil demonstrated good clinical and bacteriological efficacy in AECB, CAP, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections and was generally well tolerated. Thus, cefditoren pivoxil is a good option for the treatment of adult and adolescent patients with specific respiratory tract or skin infections, particularly if there is concern about Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin, or beta-lactamase-mediated resistance among the common community-acquired pathogens.
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PMID:Cefditoren pivoxil: a review of its use in the treatment of bacterial infections. 1551 58

Cefditoren pivoxil (Spectracef, Meiact) is a third-generation oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against pathogens, including both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and is stable to hydrolysis by many common beta-lactamases. Cefditoren pivoxil is approved for use in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB), mild-to-moderate community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute maxillary sinusitis, acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (indications may differ between countries). In clinical trials in adults and adolescents, cefditoren pivoxil demonstrated good clinical and bacteriological efficacy in AECB, CAP, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and was generally well tolerated. Thus, cefditoren pivoxil is a good option for the treatment of adult and adolescent patients with specific respiratory tract or skin infections, particularly if there is concern about Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin, or beta-lactamase-mediated resistance among the common community-acquired pathogens.
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PMID:Spotlight on cefditoren pivoxil in bacterial infections. 1581 70

Bacterial interactions that include antagonism (interference) and synergism help maintain balance between the members of the normal endogenous flora. Alpha-streptococci that predominate in the normal respiratory tract flora attracted most attention in studies of bacterial interference. Other organisms that possess interfering characteristics in upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are nonhemolytic streptococci, and Prevotella and Peptostreptococcus spp. The production of bacteriocins by some microorganisms is one of the important mechanisms of interference. The role of bacterial interference in the development of URTI and its effect on the eradication of these infections is discussed. These infections include pharyngo-tonsillitis, otitis media, and sinusitis. Treatment with various antimicrobial agents can affect the balance between members of the oro-pharyngeal bacterial flora and interfering organisms. Implantation into the indigenous microflora of low virulence bacterial strains that are potentially capable of interfering with colonization and infection with other more virulent organisms has been used in preliminary studies as a means of coping with the failure of antimicrobials in the treatment of several URTI.
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PMID:The role of bacterial interference in otitis, sinusitis and tonsillitis. 1602 67

Mitochondrial diseases are primary defects in bio-energy metabolism. They are a heterogeneous group of diseases. The specific constellation of symptoms that will manifest in the effected individual depends on the type of genetic defect in the mitochondria. The goals of medical management, expressed in a highly simplified fashion, are to maintain a normal acid-base balance and to avoid those medical conditions and situations that add extra stress to a compromised bio-energy production system. Infection is a common stress that may cause a crisis in a patient with mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment and avoidance of infections is a goal of both medical and surgical management. Common childhood illness such as otitis media, tonsillitis and sinusitis are example of such stress inducing infections.
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PMID:Surgical and anesthetic management of patients with mitochondrial dysfunction. 1612 Apr 12

The ketolides are a new subclass of macrolides, and telithromycin is the first of these agents to be approved. Modifications to the basic macrolide structure result in enhanced activity against penicillin- and erythromycin resistant respiratory pathogens. It is therefore an option in the treatment of mild to moderate community-acquired respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and sinusitis. Telithromycin also offers the advantages of once-daily dosing and a shorter course of therapy in certain infections. Comparative clinical trials, although limited and involving only a small number of resistant organisms, showed the equivalence of telithromycin to existing therapies, although telithromycin generally had a higher frequency of mild to moderate gastrointestinal adverse effects. Further clinical and safety data, especially in patients with resistant organisms, are needed.
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PMID:Telithromycin: a novel agent for the treatment of community-acquired upper respiratory infections. 1620 Jan 39

A large part of the population suffers from halitosis. Causes can be both oral and non-oral changes. Coating of the tongue as well as marginal periodontitis are the most frequent oral causes. Non-oral causes are primarily tonsillitis and sinusitis but also general diseases as well as special diet habits. Non-real halitosis or halitophobia is unterstood by the compulsive idea to suffer from bad breath and to irritate others by this. This compulsive idea can change the complete pattern of behavior of these patients which in itself can lead to self-isolation and even to suicide. Consultation hours for halitosis should be prepared for patients with non-real halitosis and build up corresponding interdisciplinary contacts.
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PMID:[Halitophobia--an under-recognized clinical picture]. 1647 20

Among diseases of children of young age dominate pathologies of otorhinolaryngological profile. Due to good blood circulation characteristics of these organs and also predominantly inflammatory or allergic nature of these diseases, laser therapy is considered to be an effective therapeutic procedure in the otorhinolaryngology. It is well known, that one of the characteristics of laser irradiation is the improvement of microcirculation in the cases of diseases involving inflammatory and allergic mechanisms. Treatment of 445 children and teenagers aged 2-15 with the following diseases: pollinosis (68), adenoiditis and rhino-sinusitis (198), tonsillitis (64) and otitis (115) was carried out simultaneously with infrared and red laser irradiations. The positive results were achieved in 85% of patients. The results achieved by us with simultaneous irradiations using infrared and red lasers prove the effectiveness of these methods for treatment of otorhinolaryngological diseases.
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PMID:[Experience on treatment of children with otorhinolaryngological diseases by low intensity laser irradiation]. 1651 Sep 21

Nasal sinusitis, tonsillitis, and pharyngolaryngitis typify upper respiratory tract infections, while bronchitis and pneumonia typify lower respiratory tract infections. Cases of paranasal sinusitis with severe suppuration are reportedly becoming less frequent, while those of chronic catarrhal paranasal sinusitis and edematous allergic paranasal sinusitis are becoming more so, The primary factor in paranasal sinusitis, a typical infectious disease encountered in otolaryngology, is bacterial infection. The main causative bacteria are Streptococcus pneumoniae, reported in 13.4% of cases, Haemophilus influenzae in 12.8% Moraxella catarrhalis in 5.5%, Staphylococcus aureus in 26.5%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 5.2%, and anaerobes. The incidence of strains resistant to antimicrobial agents has grown for S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis and decreased for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Acute exacerbation or severe suppuration in chronic paranasal sinusitis requires the administration of antimicrobial agents, with the same agent administered 2 weeks for maximal effect. First-line agents are AMPC/CVA, SBTPC, CDTR-PI, CFPN-PI, and GFLX for adults, with ASPC, SBPC, ACPC, CTRX, CMZ, FMOX, PAPM/BP, and MEPM injected in severe cases. Attention must be paid to strains that resist cephems and macrolides, such as PISP, PRSP, and BLNAR. In refractory chronic paranasal sinusitis, attention must also be paid to biofilms produced by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Suitable antimicrobial agents should be determined for treating of chronic paranasal sinusitis, in addition to the best procedure to ensure early recovery from inflammation, such as puncturing or irrigating the maxillary sinus, injecting a suitable agent, nebulization, and/or surgically widening the middle meatus.
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PMID:[Bacteria isolated from chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections and the associated therapeutic strategies--in paranasal sinusitis]. 1651 20


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