Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This work was conducted in order to study how the health of adults is affected by the presence of moisture or mould in the home. A random sample of 310 houses in Finland was studied during the years 1993-1994. The houses were investigated for visual signs of moisture by a surveyor, and observations of mould were reported by the occupants. A moisture problem was observed in 52% and a mould problem in 27% of the houses. Health data was collected by means of a postal questionnaire from 699 adults. Exposure to moisture was significantly associated with sinusitis, acute bronchitis, nocturnal cough, nocturnal dyspnoea and sore throat, and the exposed inhabitants had significantly more episodes of common cold and tonsillitis. Exposure to mould was significantly associated with common cold, cough without phlegm, nocturnal cough, sore throat, rhinitis, fatigue and difficulties in concentration. Building-related moisture or mould increased the risk of upper and lower respiratory infections and symptoms as well as of nonrespiratory symptoms.
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PMID:The relationship between moisture or mould observations in houses and the state of health of their occupants. 1062 68

The acronym WHIM refers to Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis. The latter refers to the retention of white cells in the marrow, which becomes hypercellular. We have found approximately 20 examples of WHIM syndrome in the literature under various designations; the first examples are Zuelzer [1964] and Krill et al. [1964]. Chronic noncyclic neutropenia and hypercellular bone marrow represent defective release of marrow cells into the peripheral stream (myelokathexis). The hypermature neutrophils are bizarre in form. Condensed nuclei connected by long, stringy filaments and vacuolated cytoplasm suggest apoptosis. Fever or other stress increases the release of neutrophils. Hypogammaglobulinemia is marked and associated with recurrent upper respiratory infections (sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, pneumonia). Patients have numerous warts, some venereal, with resultant cervical and vulval premalignant dysplasia. We report on a kindred of 6 affected individuals in 3 generations with autosomal dominant WHIM syndrome. The sex ratio among reported patients and in our kindred is 17 female to 8 male. Because there had been no male-to-male transmssion, search of the entire X-chromosome including the pseudoautosomal area was carried out and no linkage was found. Recently, the propositus has had an unaffected daughter, confirming our finding that the gene is not X-linked. A genome-wide search is being carried out.
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PMID:WHIM syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder: clinical, hematological, and molecular studies. 1076 1

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive and non-specific inflammatory marker. The serum level of CRP starts to rise 6-12 hours after the start of an inflammatory stimulus. Sequential CRP measurements will have greater diagnostic value than a single measurement, and changes of the CRP values often reflect the clinical course. In use in general practice the diagnostic value of CRP is found to be high in adults with pneumonia, sinusitis and tonsillitis, however it is found to be low regarding otitis and pneumonia in children. As to urinary tract infections and salpingitis the value is still undefined. Measurement of CRP is an important diagnostic test but the analysis should not stand by itself but be evaluated together with the patient's history and clinical examination.
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PMID:[C-reactive protein and infections in general practice]. 1083 78

As the main target of influenza viral aggression, the respiratory tract is subject to easier bacterial infection superimposition. The researchers from Les Laboratoires Servier--France, managed to isolate a substance--fusafungine--from the microspore of the fungus Fusarium lateritium, which demonstrates unique anti-inflammatory and antibiotic action, and is the active ingredient of Bioparox Spray, an inhalant. The principal indications of Bioparox Spray for treatment of respiratory tract infections fall within the range from the sinuses to the finest alveolar duct, namely: rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis and bronchitis. In terms of technology Bioparox is unique due to the fact that 90% of the aerosol particles are less than one micron large, while generally the particles needed for penetration through the alveolar duct should be less than three microns. Due to such micronization, after inhalation Bioparox Spray reaches from the sinuses to the finest bronchial branches. Bioparox Spray possesses sound and broad antibiotic spectrum of action on the most common causative agents of respiratory infections, and more over, it acts upon Candida albicans, unlike the remaining broad-spectrum antibiotics. Bioparox Spray also has an independent anti-inflammatory effect by blocking the inflammation mediators: Bioparox Spray inhibits the synthesis of free radicals and the action of IL1 and TNF as pro-inflammatory factors, and it potentiates the action of IL2 and interferon-gamma which are anti-inflammatory factors. By its dual antibiotic and anti-inflammatory action Bioparox Spray is an excellent alternative to the conventional antibiotic therapy.
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PMID:[An alternative to conventional antibiotic therapy in respiratory infections--Bioparox Spray]. 1098 75

Telithromycin is a new ketolide antimicrobial, specifically developed for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. It has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against common respiratory pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes. It also has activity against atypical pathogens, such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Telithromycin maintains activity against beta-lactam and macrolide-resistant respiratory tract pathogens and does not appear to induce cross-resistance to other members of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) group of antimicrobials. It demonstrates bactericidal activity against S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae and has a prolonged concentration-dependent post-antibiotic effect (PAE) in vitro. The drug has favourable pharmacokinetics following oral administration. It is well absorbed, achieves good plasma levels and is highly concentrated in pulmonary tissues and white blood cells. In clinical trials, telithromycin given orally at a dose of 800 mg once daily for 5 - 10 days was as effective as comparator antimicrobials for the treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis and group A-beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis or tonsillitis. The adverse events and safety profile were similar to comparator antimicrobials. The most common adverse events were diarrhoea, nausea, headache and dizziness. Telithromycin should provide an effective, convenient and well-tolerated once-daily oral therapy for treatment of respiratory infections.
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PMID:Telithromycin: a new ketolide antimicrobial for treatment of respiratory tract infections. 1117 47

Telithromycin is the first member of a new family of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin-B (MLS(B)) class of antimicrobials, the ketolides. It has a good spectrum of activity against respiratory pathogens, including penicillin- and erythromycin-resistant pneumococci, as well as intracellular and atypical bacteria. Furthermore, it has a low potential to select for resistance or induce cross-resistance among other MLS(B) antimicrobials. At the recommended dosage of 800 mg orally once daily, telithromycin reaches maximal plasma concentrations of about 2 mg/L. It penetrates rapidly into bronchopulmonary, tonsillar, sinus and middle ear tissues and/or fluids and achieves high concentrations at sites of infection. It also concentrates within polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In clinical trials in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) or pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococci, telithromycin 800 mg once daily achieved clinical cure rates of 86 to 95%. In acute maxillary sinusitis (AMS), cure rates were 73 to 91%. A 7- to 10-day regimen of telithromycin was as effective as a 10-day course of amoxicillin 1000 mg 3 times daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily or a 7- to 10-day course of trovafloxacin 200 mg once daily for treating CAP. A 5-day regimen of telithromycin was as effective as a 10-day regimen of cefuroxime axetil 500 mg twice daily or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500/125 mg 3 times daily in AECB. A 5-day regimen of telithromycin was as effective as a 10-day regimen of clarithromycin 250 mg twice daily or phenoxymethylpenicillin 500 mg 3 times daily in pharyngitis/tonsillitis, or a 10-day regimen of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500/125 mg 3 times daily in patients with AMS. Telithromycin was well tolerated across all patient populations. Adverse events associated with telithromycin were generally mild to moderate in intensity and seldom led to treatment discontinuation. The most frequent adverse events were diarrhoea (13.3%) and nausea (8.1%). Other adverse events included dizziness and vomiting.
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PMID:Telithromycin. 1139 13

In 1999 for the first time the PHLS undertook a questionnaire survey of general practitioners' views of the burden of infectious disease and the priorities for research and development of infectious disease services within the PHLS. Three hundred and seventy-one (38%) of 979 questionnaires mailed to chairs of primary care groups in England, and general practitioners in research networks, were returned. Service areas: computer transfer of laboratory results was considered of greatest priority. Guidance on antibiotic usage, guidance on infectious diseases and education for general practitioners were ranked two, three and four. Burden of infectious disease in primary care: upper respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis/pharyngitis, otitis media/externa and acute cough were placed one, three, four and seven respectively. Urinary tract infections were ranked second and dyspepsia/Helicobacter pylori fifth. Leg ulcers, diarrhoea, genital chlamydia infection and vaginal discharge were other diseases considered to cause a large burden of ill-health. Genital chlamydia, tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori and meningococci were ranked one, two, three, and five in the NHS opportunity to affect the burden of ill-health. Priorities for improvements to diagnostic tests, evidence on which to base treatment and guidance: chronic fatigue/ME was ranked top in these areas. The other top ten syndromes ranked in order were genital chlamydia infections, antibiotic resistance surveillance, vaginal discharge, leg ulcers, sinusitis, otitis media/externa, dyspepsia/Helicobacter pylori, Creutzfeld Jacob Disease, and tonsillitis. This consultation exercise has highlighted broad areas for future PHLS involvement in primary care. In order to make progress, further consultation is needed with groups of GPs, and other relevant bodies. Particularly for the areas ranked in the top ten, the type of further PHLS involvement needs to be defined. For some syndromes (chronic fatigue and leg ulcers) this may be writing guidance and for others (respiratory tract infections) more treatment trials are required. The purposes and possible methods of communicable disease surveillance in general practice should be the subject of additional consultation.
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PMID:PHLS primary care consultation--infectious disease and primary care research and service development priorities. 1146 14

An unusual case of recurrent tonsillitis due to pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa in the head and neck region of an immunocompetent patient is mainly seen in ear infections, and sometimes in sinusitis. P. aeruginosa is an occasional finding in tonsil smears as part of normal microbial flora, but it rarely produces suppurative tonsil infection. We report a case of a previously healthy young female with recurrent episodes of tonsillitis due to P. aeruginosa infection. Although the patient received complete regimens of antibiotics (orally and intravenously) repeatedly, definitive eradication was only achieved after tonsillectomy.
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PMID:An unusual case of recurrent tonsillitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1168 56

The treatment of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) continues to challenge the knowledgeable and conscientious physician. Upper RTIs such as sinusitis and tonsillitis/pharyngitis - while not generally life-threatening - are associated with personal cost and suffering, while infections of the lower respiratory tract, including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB), represent a more serious clinical challenge and account for almost half of all community-acquired infections. Moreover, such infections may be fatal. Laboratory tests for etiologic agents of RTIs are often insensitive and slow and identify the causative pathogen in only a minority of cases. Therapy for RTIs is, therefore, generally presumptive and instituted before there is a clear understanding of etiology. Such an approach requires antibacterials that possess a spectrum of activity which covers both the common and atypical/intracellular pathogens associated with RTIs to enable physicians to confidently prescribe treatment. A major barrier to the confident prescribing of empiric therapies for RTIs is the increasing prevalence of resistance to existing antibacterial agents among respiratory tract pathogens. Increasing levels of antibacterial resistance now threaten the utility of existing agents, primarily the beta-lactams and macrolides, and continue to drive the search for newer agents which retain activity against drug-resistant respiratory tract pathogens. This need is emphasized by recent evidence that bacterial resistance may be associated with poorer clinical outcomes, particularly for patients with severe infections. There is enormous concern and uncertainty about the factors that contribute to increasing bacterial resistance and treatment strategies that should be adopted to minimize this problem. The arguments have raged particularly around recent Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines on the treatment of CAP, which have advocated a greater role for fluoroquinolones. One school of thought - driven in part by concerns over cost of therapy - advocates the use of older agents such as amoxicillin, in the hope that any resistance that is incurred will be to these agents, leaving the newer agents for select cases with acquired resistance. Advocates of the newer agents argue that this approach represents a false economy and that there is a greater likelihood of first-line success with newer agents, so that patients are less likely to require a second physician visit and a second course of antibacterial therapy.
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PMID:Barriers to the effective management of respiratory tract infections in the community. 1178 53

Acute respiratory infections accounts for 20-40% of outpatient and 12-35% of inpatient attendance in a general hospital. Upper respiratory tract infections including nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and otitis media constitute 87.5% of the total episodes of respiratory infections. The vast majority of acute upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses. Common cold is caused by viruses in most circumstances and does not require antimicrobial agent unless it is complicated by acute otitis media with effusion, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infection. Sinusitis is commonly associated with common cold. Most instances of rhinosinusitis are viral and therefore, resolve spontaneously without antimicrobial therapy. The most common bacterial agents causing sinusitis are S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, S. aureus and S. pyogenes. Amoxycillin is antibacterial of choice. The alternative drugs are cefaclor or cephalexin. The latter becomes first line if sinusitis is recurrent or chronic. Acute pharyngitis is commonly caused by viruses and does not need antibiotics. About 15% of the episodes may be due to Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GABS). Early initiation of antibiotics in pharyngitis due to GABS can prevent complications such as acute rheumatic fever. The drug of choice is penicillin for 10-14 days. The alternative medications include oral cephalosporins (cefaclor, cephalexin), amoxicillin or macrolides.
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PMID:Upper respiratory tract infections. 1183 68


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