Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Antibiotic therapy, in contrast to other drug treatments, is aimed at the etiology of a given disease state. The main basis of antimicrobial chemotherapy is thus identification of the causative pathogen and documentation of its susceptibility to the least toxic antibiotic. However, these requirements are frequently impossible to meet in everyday management of infections. In many situations, therefore, decision-making in antimicrobial chemotherapy must be based on a "best-guess" diagnosis regarding the causative pathogen and its susceptibility to the antibiotic. The process of decision-making in antimicrobial chemotherapy for the single most frequent infections encountered in outpatients is discussed, and the pertinent antimicrobial treatment for these infections (pharyngo-tonsillitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis and urinary tract infections) is outlined.
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PMID:[Microbiologic principles of antibiotic therapy]. 672 16

Infections of the upper respiratory tract are common to both the immunodeficient and the normal child during their development. The most common head and neck manifestations of immunodeficiency disease are recurrent suppurative otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis, rhinitis, and nasopharyngitis. Often the head and neck specialist is confronted with a child with one or more of these problems and must institute the appropriate therapy or decide on an avenue for further investigation. This paper outlines the major immunodeficiency state, discusses the immune defects thought to be responsible for the spectrum of clinical findings, and suggests a systematic approach to the evaluation of these difficult diseases. The recognition of immunodeficient individuals is an important step in their treatment so that adjunctive immunological therapy can be provided.
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PMID:Immunodeficiency diseases: head and neck manifestations. 698 47

In a multipractice study 577 general practitioners registered all patients to whom they prescribed antibacterial drugs. In all, 7849 patients were registered. Of these, 40% were treated for upper respiratory tract infection or otitis media. Seventy-seven per cent of all patients treated for otitis media were less than 15 years of age. Sixty-seven per cent treated for sinusitis, and 55% of all patients treated for tonsillitis acuta were between 15 and 45 years. Significantly more women than men were treated for sinusitis, while the same number of men and women were treated for otitis media and tonsillitis acuta. Of all acid-stable and broad-spectrum penicillins prescribed in general practice, 63% and 47% respectively were used in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection or otitis media. Acid-stable penicillins were prescribed for the majority of patients with otitis media and acute tonsillitis treated with antibacterial agents. By contrast, only 22% of patients with sinusitis were treated with phenoxymethyl-penicillin, while 36% of these patients were treated with azidocillin. Seventy-three per cent of all azidocillin prescribed in general practice was used in the treatment of patients with sinusitis.
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PMID:Prescription of antibacterial drugs for treatment of otitis media and upper respiratory tract infections in general practice in Denmark. 706 98

A number of children who suffer from tonsillitis and adenoids hypertrophy also have associated sinus infection. These patients, who are widely treated, have varied responses; hence a correlation has been sought between the two ailments. A study of 100 children between 1-12 years of age was undertaken to provide a correlation. Therapeutic response to the treatment of sinusitis, vis-a-vis adenotonsillitis, was noted. This work has been supplemented by experimental studies on dogs and conclusion has been drawn.
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PMID:Sinus infection and adenotonsillitis in pediatric patients. 724 96

Chronic and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections represent a significant clinical challenge. The causative organisms tend to be heterogeneous, involving both aerobes and gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes. There is evidence that these mixed groups of bacteria interact synergistically, enhancing and prolonging the overall virulence of infection. The role of anaerobic bacteria, in particular their proposed ability to protect susceptible organisms by the production of beta-lactamases, has been the subject of intense speculation. The evidence of a significant role for anaerobic bacteria in recurrent episodes of tonsillitis and sinusitis is reviewed and the most appropriate antimicrobial strategies and possible future developments in diagnosis and therapy are discussed.
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PMID:The role of anaerobic bacteria in recurrent episodes of sinusitis and tonsillitis. 754 1

A retrospective chart review was undertaken at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center to assess the incidence, etiology and management of head and neck infections in pediatric cardiac transplant patients on immunosuppression. From June 1984 to February 1992, 59 cardiac transplants were performed on 57 pediatric patients. Standard immunosuppressive therapy was used. Thirteen of these patients died within three months of transplant and were not included. Of the 44 patient charts reviewed, 82 head and neck infections were documented in 27 patients (61%). There were 26 episodes of sinusitis, 27 episodes of otitis media and 20 episodes of tonsillitis/pharyngitis. Unusual middle-ear pathogens seen included Morganella morgagni and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These preliminary data suggest that children on immunosuppression for cardiac transplant may be at risk for head and neck infections from unusual or unsuspected organisms, and tympanocentesis plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment. A prospective study is planned to gain further data.
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PMID:Head and neck infections in pediatric cardiac transplant patients. 762 34

The concentration of CZON was determined by HPLC in surgical patients with chronic otitis media, sinusitis, and tonsillitis. One gram of CZON was injected intravenously prior to surgery. The time course of the mean tissue CZON level was as follows: In the middle ear mucosa, 3.7 micrograms/g at 15 min, 7.2 micrograms/g at 30 min, and 2.9 micrograms/g at 1 hr (the half life: 21.3 min). In the maxillary sinus mucosa, 10.5 micrograms/g at 15 min, 11.8 micrograms/g at 30 min, and 2.8 micrograms/g at 1 hr (the half life: 17.5 min). In the tonsils, 14.9 micrograms/g at 15 min, 9.3 micrograms/g at 30 min, and 2.0 micrograms/g at 1 hr (the half life: 13.2 min). The concentration was high in the maxillary sinus mucosa and the tonsils, but was low in the middle ear mucosa. In the formers the transfer ratio reached its peak 15 to 30 min after administration, but in the latter the peak was reached 30 to 60 min after administration. The order of the transfer ratio at each region was above 25%. The tissue concentration exceeded the MIC80s of frequent isolates from these infections. CZON is considered to be a highly useful drug in the treatment of these infections.
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PMID:Tissue transmigration of CZON (Cosmosin) to middle ear mucosa, maxillary sinus mucosa, and palatine tonsils. 777 25

A comparative evaluation of central and vegetative nervous as well as cardiovascular systems in 20 normal children and 45 patients with ENT problems found out vegetative lability in 8 children. Three of them were from the control healthy group, 4 had tonsillitis, 1 purulent sinusitis. These children were referred to the vegetative dystonia risk group. In 28 patients (9.3 and 16 cases of purulent-polypous, purulent and decompensated tonsillitis, respectively) parasympathicotonic and sympathicotonic shifts revealed in the baseline vegetative tone and vegetative reactivity require adequate therapeutic correction.
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PMID:[Peripheral nervous system in children with chronic inflammatory otorhinolaryngologic diseases]. 778 34

Cefprozil is a new oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, as well as certain anaerobic bacteria. Cefprozil has demonstrated good stability in the presence of beta-lactamase-producing organisms, a common cause of bacterial resistance with many older beta-lactam antibiotics. The relatively long half-life of cefprozil and its sustained duration in tissue (as measured by skin blister fluid concentrations) support once- or twice-daily dosing. Cefprozil is well tolerated and has a low incidence of adverse events. A review of clinical studies that evaluated cefprozil for the treatment of otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, and urinary tract infections is presented in this article. In multicenter clinical trials, cefprozil was found to be comparable or superior to frequently prescribed antibiotics, including other cephalosporins, in terms of its safety profile and its bacteriologic and clinical response rates.
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PMID:Cefprozil, a new cephalosporin: its use in various clinical trials. 788 33

There is a growing concern about rational prescribing of antibiotics. That is why a secondary analysis of prescribing antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infections has been conducted by means of a nationwide study of morbidity and interventions in The Netherlands. The mean percentage of antibiotic prescriptions varied from about 20% for acute otitis media and acute upper respiratory tract infections to about 70% for sinusitis and tonsillitis. Only attitude--toward prescribing antibiotics in sore throat--and years of settlement were important predictor variables. The other characteristics studied--type of practice, list size, frequency of use of Het Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas, containing national pharmacotherapeutical guidelines, and urbanization level were not. The importance of attitude, however, was less for general practitioners who went into practice after 1975. This means that the influence of a personal characteristic as attitude might have become less influential since the introduction of vocational training for general practice.
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PMID:Prescription of antibiotics and prescribers' characteristics. A study into prescription of antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infections in general practice. 816 70


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