Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The adenoids of 23 children (12 with secretory otitis media and 11 without S.O.M. who had tonsillitis or sore throats) were submitted for histopathology. All specimens showed the usual adenoid pattern with no differences in activity. The adenoids of 15 children (6 with secretory otitis media and 9 without S.O.M. who had tonsillitis or sore throats) were examined for viruses. They were all negative. The adenoids of 37 children (13 with secretory otitis media and 24 without S.O.M. who had tonsillitis or sore throats) were examined for bacterial micro-organisms. In the adenoids of the 13 children with secretory otitis media pathogenic bacteria were isolated in 6 instances, while in the 24 adenoid specimens of children without secretory otitis media pathogenic bacteria were isolated on only 3 occasions. On only one occasion was Candida albicans isolated. It is concluded that adenoids should be removed in children with secretory otitis media, but not during routine removal of tonsils in children presenting with tonsillitis or sore throats.
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PMID:Microbiology of the adenoids. 699 43

A study was made with the newly developed cefroxadine (CXD) dry syrup by measuring the serum level, urine excretion and recovery rate in 10 children who were orally administered 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg at 1 hour after meals and the following results were gained. Also, its clinical efficacies and side effects were investigated in the following cases who were treated with a mean dose of 33 mg/day divided into 3 to 4 portions for a period of 9 days on the average; viz. a total of 151 cases consisting of 9 cases of pharyngitis, 39 of tonsillitis, 11 of streptococcal infection, i.e. scarlet fever, 7 of bronchitis, 6 of pneumonia, 1 of otitis media, 6 of purulent lymphadenitis, 1 of purulent parotitis, 1 of subcutaneous abscess and 3 of impetigo. 1. The serum level tends to reach its maximum level within 1 hour after administration. The mean concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg dose in the foregoing time were 6.35, 9.12 and 21.62 mcg/ml respectively and dose response was observed. CXD showed higher concentration than CEX, CED and CFT. The mean half-life periods of the 3 dose were 72, 84 and 66 minutes respectively and variations were observed, but the drugs maintains a satisfactory serum level. 2. The time which showed highest urine excretion was mainly in the 0 to 2 hours bracket and the average concentrations of 5 , 10 and 20 mg/kg dose in the foregoing time were 381.2, 771.7 and 1,577.7 mcg/ml respectively. The dose response was more evident than in the serum concentrations. The average recovery rates within 6 hours were 93.6, 88.3 and 94.3% respectively and they were similar to those of CEX, CED and CFT. 3. The clinical effects were evaluated were in 148 cases out of the total of 151 and 136 cases, or 91.9% showed good or excellent efficacy response. 4. The daily dose groups of less than 30 mg/kg and 31 to 40 mg/kg formed the majority and there was no difference in the comparison of the clinical effectiveness in these 2 groups. Administration of a daily dose of 20 to 40 mg/kg is sufficient for the treatment of the aforementioned mild diseases except for pneumonia. 5. The clinical effects were compared between the 3 and 4 times a day treatment groups, but there was no difference between these two groups with regard to the foregoing daily dose. The 3 times a day treatment is acceptable, but the 4 times a day treatment is preferable when pharmacokinetics if taken into account. 6. The bacteriological effects in 41 cases, or 97.6% out of the 42 cases were above the efficacy base line and a high efficacy rate was achieved. 7. With regard to side effects, diarrhea developed in 4 cases and eosinophilia in 6 cases, abnormal simultaneous increases in GOT and GPT in 1 case and 1 case each for abnormal values in LDH and BUN were seen in the clinical test values. The foregoing results show that CXD has high efficacy and safety and it can be said that it is a drug required in the pediatric field.
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PMID:[Absorption, excretion and clinical trials of cefroxadine in the field of pediatrics (author's transl)]. 703 89

In a multipractice study 577 general practitioners registered all patients to whom they prescribed antibacterial drugs. In all, 7849 patients were registered. Of these, 40% were treated for upper respiratory tract infection or otitis media. Seventy-seven per cent of all patients treated for otitis media were less than 15 years of age. Sixty-seven per cent treated for sinusitis, and 55% of all patients treated for tonsillitis acuta were between 15 and 45 years. Significantly more women than men were treated for sinusitis, while the same number of men and women were treated for otitis media and tonsillitis acuta. Of all acid-stable and broad-spectrum penicillins prescribed in general practice, 63% and 47% respectively were used in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection or otitis media. Acid-stable penicillins were prescribed for the majority of patients with otitis media and acute tonsillitis treated with antibacterial agents. By contrast, only 22% of patients with sinusitis were treated with phenoxymethyl-penicillin, while 36% of these patients were treated with azidocillin. Seventy-three per cent of all azidocillin prescribed in general practice was used in the treatment of patients with sinusitis.
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PMID:Prescription of antibacterial drugs for treatment of otitis media and upper respiratory tract infections in general practice in Denmark. 706 98

Laboratory and clinical investigations were performed on cefadroxil, and the results were obtained as follows. (1) Sensitivity distribution of cefadroxil. In S. aureus, two peaks were observed with inoculum size of 10(8)/ml: 1.56-3.13 microgram/ml and 12.5-25 microgram/ml, while with inoculum size of 10(8)/ml, the distribution was in the range of smaller than or equal to 0.1-25 microgram/ml, and the sensitivity peak was 0.78-1.56 microgram/ml. In S. pyogenes, with inoculum size of 10(8)/ml, sensitivity distribution was in the range of 0.05-1.56 microgram/ml, and the peak was 0.05 microgram/ml. On the other hand, with inoculum size of 10(6)/ml, distribution was 0.0006-1.56 microgram/ml, and the peak was 0.0006-0.012 microgram/ml, thus sensitivity of cefadroxil being 2 tubes higher. In E. coli, with inoculum size of 10(8)/ml, strains showed mostly high resistance as more than 100 microgram/ml, whereas with inoculum size of 10(6)/ml sensitivity was distributed between 3.13-50 microgram/ml, and the peak was 12.5-25 microgram/ml. (2) Absorption and excretion of cefadroxil: A dose of cefadroxil 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg was administered to 9 cases of children aged from 4 years and 6 months to 11 years and 9 months, and serum levels of the drug were measured. As the results, in the group of 5 mg/kg dosing, the value was 0.94 microgram/ml at 30 minutes, 3.55 microgram/ml at 60 minutes, 7.65 microgram/ml at 2 hours, 2.55 microgram/ml at 4 hours, and 1.09 microgram/ml at 6 hours. In the group of 10 microgram/ml dosing, value of the drug was 4.18 microgram/ml at 30 minutes, 10.70 microgram/ml at 1 hour, 12.75 microgram/ml at 2 hours, 8.05 microgram/ml at 4 hours, and 2.33 microgram/ml at 6 hours. In the group of 20 mg/kg dosing, value was 9.93 microgram/ml at 30 minutes, 18.43 microgram/ml at 1 hour, 24.70 microgram/ml at 2 hours, 15.50 microgram/ml at 4 hours, and 6.45 microgram/ml at 6 hours. Dose response was observed thus distinctly among 3 groups. Recovery ratio of cefadroxil in urine was 76.14% within 6 hours. (3) Clinical trial with cefadroxil: Cefadroxil was applied clinically in 80 cases (76 patients). These included 22 cases of lacunar tonsillitis, 13 cases of pharyngitis, 24 cases of bronchitis, 6 cases of pneumonia, 8 cass of urinary tract infection, 5 cases of hemolytic streptococcal infection, 1 case of cellulitis, and 1 case of otitis media. Efficacy was obtained in 72 cases out of 80 cases ratio being thus 90%. Change of organisms was proven in 35 cases, among which disappearance and reduction of organism were observed in 32 cases (91.45). No adverse reaction was noticed throughout all cases. No abnormal value was recognized in laboratory findings.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefadroxil in the field of pediatrics (author's transl)]. 724 7

A retrospective chart review was undertaken at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center to assess the incidence, etiology and management of head and neck infections in pediatric cardiac transplant patients on immunosuppression. From June 1984 to February 1992, 59 cardiac transplants were performed on 57 pediatric patients. Standard immunosuppressive therapy was used. Thirteen of these patients died within three months of transplant and were not included. Of the 44 patient charts reviewed, 82 head and neck infections were documented in 27 patients (61%). There were 26 episodes of sinusitis, 27 episodes of otitis media and 20 episodes of tonsillitis/pharyngitis. Unusual middle-ear pathogens seen included Morganella morgagni and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These preliminary data suggest that children on immunosuppression for cardiac transplant may be at risk for head and neck infections from unusual or unsuspected organisms, and tympanocentesis plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment. A prospective study is planned to gain further data.
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PMID:Head and neck infections in pediatric cardiac transplant patients. 762 34

Cefprozil is an orally active cephalosporin which has demonstrated activity against a wide range of organisms in vitro. It is particularly active against the Gram-positive organisms Streptococcus pyogenes, pneumoniae and agalactiae and against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus are not susceptible to cefprozil. Cefprozil is also moderately active against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, many Enterobacteriaceae and certain anaerobic organisms, and is relatively stable to hydrolysis by a number of beta-lactamases. In comparative trials, the clinical and bacteriological efficacy of cefprozil 500mg or 20 mg/kg administered once or twice daily has been comparable with multiple daily dosage regimens of erythromycin in patients with tonsillitis or pharyngitis, with cefaclor and amoxicillin/clavulanate in lower respiratory tract infections, with amoxicillin/clavulanate and erythromycin in skin and skin-structure infections and with cefaclor in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The clinical efficacy of cefprozil is similar to that of cefaclor in patients with tonsillitis or pharyngitis but the bacteriological efficacy of cefprozil is significantly greater than that of cefaclor. Cefprozil is clinically more effective than cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections and demonstrated greater efficacy than cefaclor in one of 2 comparative studies when administered twice daily in patients with skin and skin-structure infections. In children with acute otitis media, cefprozil 15 mg/kg twice daily was as effective as cefaclor or amoxicillin/clavulanate 13.3 mg/kg 3 times daily and was as effective as cefixime 8 mg/kg once daily. The most frequently reported adverse effects associated with cefprozil, diarrhoea and nausea, are usually mild to moderate in severity and discontinuation of treatment is rarely necessary. Thus, cefprozil with its convenient administration regimen appears to be a suitable alternative to cefaclor, cefixime, amoxicillin/clavulanate or erythromycin for the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, skin and skin-structure infections, and otitis media in children. While cefprozil has shown similar efficacy to cefaclor in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, well-controlled clinical trials comparing its efficacy with that of cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole) in this indication are required.
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PMID:Cefprozil. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential. 768 76

Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on SY5555 dry syrup (powder which is dissolved before use), a new penem antibiotic for oral use, were performed. The following results were obtained. 1. Antibacterial activities. MICs of SY5555, clavulanic acid/amoxicillin (CVA/AMPC), cefotiam (CTM), cefpodoxime (CPDX), cefaclor (CCL) and cefdinir (CFDN) were determined against clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae at a dose of 10(6) CFU/ml. MICs of SY5555 against S. aureus, CNS, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, E. coli and E. cloacae were 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, < or = 0.025, 0.78, 0.2, 0.78 and 3.13 micrograms/ml, respectively, showing excellent antibacterial effects on these pathogens. Although the effects of SY 5555 against H. influenzae and E. coli were slightly inferior to those of CPDX and CFDN, the drug showed the most excellent antibacterial effect on other strains as compared with the control drugs. 2. Absorption and excretion In this study, plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates were examined after administration of SY5555 at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg (potency) after meals. With both 5 and 10 mg/kg doses, peak plasma concentrations were reached 1 hour after administration, at 0.25-2.61 micrograms/ml (mean 1.47 micrograms/ml) and 1.08-2.17 micrograms/ml (mean 1.74 micrograms/ml), respectively. The plasma levels rapidly decreased to 0.06-0.19 micrograms/ml (0.12 micrograms/ml) and 0.0503-0.0637 micrograms/ml) after 6 hours. The half-lives 1.12 hours in the 5 mg/kg group and 1.0 hour in the 10 mg/kg group. The urinary recovery rates were determined in the first 8 hours after administration in the 5 mg/kg and 6 hours in the 10 mg/kg group, and the values were as low as 1.05-12.3% and 1.6-4.33%, respectively. 3. Clinical results The clinical responses were examined in a total of 73 cases including 4 acute pneumonia, 13 acute bronchitis, 11 tonsillitis, 3 pharyngitis, 12 scarlet fever, 2 pertussis, 6 urinary tract infection, 6 otitis media, 7 lymphadenitis, 2 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, 2 phlegmon, 4 impetigo and 1 purulent parotitis. The treatment was effective or better in 66 of 70 cases with an efficacy rate of 94.3% (3 undeterminable cases were excluded). Bacteriological effects were examined during the clinical course for detected or suspected pathogens found before administration of SY5555. The effects were determined in 50 cases including 7 cases of polymicrobacterial infections, 57 strains in total. Eight strains, however, persisted, hence the overall eradication rate was 86.0%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of SY5555 dry syrup in the pediatric field]. 769 46

A febrile convulsion is a generalized seizure occurring during a febrile illness whose cause is extracranial. Most scholars agree that strong evidence exists of familial predisposition to febrile seizures. The events are more common among men, with the pattern of such convulsions in Europe and North America apparently different from that in Africa. The authors report their findings from an examination of the pattern of febrile seizures at the Children's Emergency Room of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital in Benin City, Nigeria. 1046 children were admitted over the course of the study conducted January-September, 1988. Seven of the 202 patients with febrile convulsions died, five from aspiration pneumonia and two from tetanus following traditional treatment. 5% of patients with febrile convulsions were younger than 5 months or older than 5 years. The male:female ratio was 1.3:1. 140 children had a family history of febrile convulsion; in 55% the relative was a close family member. The authors point out that the number of families with a positive history of febrile convulsions may have been underreported because the average Nigerian family is loathe to admit that any member suffers from a socially stigmatized illness. These findings confirm the view that a strong familial predisposition exists for febrile seizures. Major causes of the rise in temperature in those studied included malaria, which accounted for 32.7%, followed by bronchopneumonia among 16.8%, measles at 15.4%, otitis media at 13.4%, and tonsillitis at 10.5%. Observed morbidity and mortality could be attributed to the sociocultural background of this community which practices modes of therapy which are often detrimental to patient health.
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PMID:Childhood febrile seizures (Benin City experience). 782 94

Cefprozil is a new oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, as well as certain anaerobic bacteria. Cefprozil has demonstrated good stability in the presence of beta-lactamase-producing organisms, a common cause of bacterial resistance with many older beta-lactam antibiotics. The relatively long half-life of cefprozil and its sustained duration in tissue (as measured by skin blister fluid concentrations) support once- or twice-daily dosing. Cefprozil is well tolerated and has a low incidence of adverse events. A review of clinical studies that evaluated cefprozil for the treatment of otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, and urinary tract infections is presented in this article. In multicenter clinical trials, cefprozil was found to be comparable or superior to frequently prescribed antibiotics, including other cephalosporins, in terms of its safety profile and its bacteriologic and clinical response rates.
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PMID:Cefprozil, a new cephalosporin: its use in various clinical trials. 788 33

Azithromycin activity in vivo has been studied in a group of children with acute respiratory tract infections in order to test the efficacy and tolerability of this antibiotic. The study involved 135 children treated with a single daily 10 mg/kg dose of azithromycin for three consecutive days. Ten days after this treatment 100% of children with otitis media, tracheobronchitis, or rhinosinusitis and 95.9% of children with pharyngo-tonsillitis were cured. Recurrences were never observed. Azithromycin proved remarkably effective for treatment of acute respiratory infections and otitis media in children. Tolerability and therapeutic compliance were excellent.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of azithromycin in acute respiratory infections in children]. 795 49


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