Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

If our broad goal for undergraduate education is to prepare students for residency and the eventual practice of medicine, the specific knowledge and skills we teach should reflect those that will be required of them to perform well as residents and practicing physicians. To determine and compare priority goals and objectives, we surveyed otolaryngology educators, a representative group of physicians in practice, and a representative group of residents. Participants were asked to evaluate the level of knowledge and skills necessary for students to attain in various areas of otolaryngology by ranking each item by a score of 0 to 3 according to its required depth of knowledge or skill. A rank "order of importance" was developed based on mean scores. The highest-ranking areas of knowledge were otitis media, airway obstruction, tonsillitis, and croup/epiglottitis, whereas the highest-ranking skills were history and physical examination of the head and neck, throat cultures, and use of the otoscope and pneumatoscope. The lowest-ranking areas of knowledge were voice disorders and ear deformities, whereas the lowest-ranking skills were interpreting electronystagmograms and stapedial reflex testing. We review the findings of our survey and comment on their role in undergraduate curriculum planning for otolaryngology.
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PMID:Are we teaching medical students what they need to know? 249 24

Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR, CS-807), a new oral cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Antibacterial activities of R-3746 (Na-salt of cefpodoxime (CPDX] against clinically isolated strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Branhamella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Haemophilus influenzae were compared with those of cefaclor, cephalexin and cefadroxil. R-3746 is superior to other antibiotics against S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, B. catarrhalis and Gram-negative rods. 2. Serum concentrations of CPDX after administration of CPDX-PR at doses of 3 mg/kg (fasting), 6 mg/kg (non-fasting) and 6 mg/kg (fasting) were determined. Mean AUC (area under curve)'s of CPDX obtained were 9.60, 31.35 and 17.89 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively for the 3 dosages. The mean half-lives of CPDX were 3.35, 1.88 and 1.76 hours, respectively. The mean urinary recovery rate within 8 hours after administration of CPDX-PR at a dose of 3 mg/kg (fasting) was 39.2%. 3. CPDX-PR was administered to 37 pediatric patients with various bacterial infections (pyelonephritis 9, cystitis 4, pneumonia 7, acute bronchitis 3, otitis media 2, tonsillitis 10, subcutaneous abscess 1 and purulent lymphadenitis 1). The overall clinical efficacy rate was 91.9% and the overall bacteriological eradication rate was also 91.9%. 4. No adverse reactions were observed. Abnormal laboratory findings were moderate, eosinophilia in 2 and slight elevation of GOT and GPT in 1. The taste and the odor of the CPDX-PR preparation was sufficiently tolerable. From the above results we have concluded that CPDX-PR is a useful oral antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial infections in children.
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PMID:[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefpodoxime proxetil in the pediatric field]. 256 89

A total of 82 patients involving 83 episodes of proven or presumed bacterial infection were treated with sulbactam/ampicillin. These included 36 cases of soft tissue infection or abscess, four cases of joint or bone infection, 20 cases of respiratory tract infection (17 cases of pneumonia, two of otitis media, and one of tonsillitis), 15 urinary tract infections, three cases of enterocolitis, one case of infective endocarditis, two cases of septicemia, and two of peritonitis. The causative pathogen was isolated in 48 cases (49 infections). These pathogens included Staphylococcus aureus 13 cases, Staphylococcus epidermidis one, Streptococcus pyogenes two, Streptococcus pneumoniae two, Viridans group streptococcus two, peptostreptococcus one, Haemophilus influenzae one, Escherichia coli 12, Enterobacter cloacae three, Proteus mirabilis one, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus one, Salmonella spp. two, Shigella sonnei one, Bacteroides fragilis one, and polymicrobial infections of various combinations in five cases. No bacterial pathogens were isolated in 34 infections, 14 cases of pneumonia and 15 soft tissue infections. Sulbactam/ampicillin was given by intravenous bolus in a dosage range of 75-450 mg/kg/day in four divided doses for variable periods of time depending on the type and severity of the infection. Of a total of 83 episodes of infections, 80 (96.4%) cases were either cured or improved. Bacteriologic eradication also occurred in 46 (93.9%) of 49 infections. Side effects were diarrhea in two patients, acute hemolytic anemia in one patient, and transient elevations in SGOT and leukopenia in one patient. Side effects disappeared upon completion of treatment. Sulbactam/ampicillin is a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of common pediatric infections.
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PMID:Intravenous sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of pediatric infections. 268 18

During a period of one year, the contact pattern during day working hours in general practice where diseases of the ear, nose and throat were concerned was registered as part of an investigation of disease pattern in the County of Arhus. Registration included the form of encounter, reason for encounter, diagnosis and possible referrals. It was demonstrated that 8.6% of all disease and symptom-induced encounters in general practice were concerned with ear, nose and throat disease. Complaints from the throat were the commonest. Coryza and tonsillitis comprised nearly half of all the diseases. The commonest diseases of the ear were acute otitis media and wax in the ear. Among upper respiratory diseases, acute infective conditions dominated. As compared with the usual age-distribution in general practice, coryza, tonsillitis, acute and secretory otitis media and chronic allergic rhinitis were considerably overrepresented in children. Examination in consulting room was the commonest form of encounter. The majority of the patients were considered by the general practitioners to be completely treated after one consultation.
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PMID:[Otorhinolaryngologic diseases in general practice]. 273 9

This report presents the results of the clinical observation of 96 children under ten years of age with acute otitis media (107 ears) who visited our out-patient clinic from May 1986 to August 1987. The patients were classified into the following three groups according to clinical course: Group 1: 25 cases (26.0%) in which acute inflammatory findings rapidly disappeared and otitis media was cured within two weeks with no evidence of effusion; Group 2: 62 cases (64.6%) in which acute inflammatory findings rapidly disappeared but obvious accumulation of effusion which resolved gradually was observed and in which otitis media was cured from two weeks to three months after onset; Group 3: 9 cases (9.4%) in which persistent accumulation of effusion for more than three months was observed and which required myringotomy and insertion of a ventilation tube and in which a diagnosis of otitis media with effusion was made. The presence or absence of allergic diseases, adenoid symptoms, and otorrhea, or history of tonsillitis had no affect on the prognosis of acute otitis media. However, patients with a history of acute otitis media were at a significantly higher risk of developing the disease chronically. At the time of the resolution of the tympanic redness, abnormal findings in the tympanic membrane and tympanogram (TG), suggestive of the presence of middle ear effusion, were observed in approximately 80% of the patients. Approximately 20% of the patients who showed Type Cs or B in TG at that time developed otitis media with effusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical observation of acute otitis media in children]. 275 23

1. Absorption and elimination Serum and urinary levels of cefodizime (CDZM, THR-221) were determined in 7 children with ages ranging from 3 to 12 years after a intravenous bolus injection of the drug at 20 mg/kg. The average serum level of the drug was 119.27 +/- 13.83 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, then decreased gradually with a half-life of 2.01 +/- 0.25 hours to 10.56 +/- 2.93 micrograms/ml at 6 hours. The average urinary elimination rate was 77.34 +/- 12.60%. 2. Clinical study CDZM was given to the following 39 patients with ages ranging from 2 months to 15 years and clinical efficacy, bacteriological response and adverse reactions were evaluated. The treated cases were 2 cases of acute purulent tonsillitis, 30 cases of acute pneumonia, 1 case of acute purulent otitis media and 2 cases of acute urinary tract infections. Clinical efficacies were excellent in 29 cases, good in 5 cases and poor in 1 with an efficacy rate of 97.1%. Organisms presumed to be pathogens included 3 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 beta-Streptococcus, 1 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 9 Haemophilus influenzae (1 beta-lactamase producing strain and 8 non-producing strains) and 1 Enterococcus faecalis. The last one was decreased and the others were eradicated with an eradication rate of 93.3% for all strains. Adverse reactions occurred in no patients. Abnormal changes in laboratory test values involved only 1 case each of elevated GOT, elevated GOT and GPT, eosinophilia and thrombocytosis. Based on the above-mentioned result and features of this drug, it was confirmed that this drug showed an excellent usefulness in the treatment of infections in childhood. It may be also effective in the management of infections under immunosuppression.
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PMID:[Experimental and clinical studies on cefodizime in pediatrics]. 279 56

The cause of Moyamoya disease is still unknown. We made a research about the factors closely related to Moyamoya disease through a case-control study. The number of cases studied was 66. Controls were selected from among patients' friends, matched as to sex, age and residential area. Questionnaires were sent to the cases and the respective controls by mail. The questions were about past history, developmental history, school records, habitual factors, dietary habits and pets. The first symptoms and age at onset were also surveyed in the cases. The response rate was 84.8% (56 cases) of the cases and 76.5% (101 cases) out of the 132 controls. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, otitis media, and bronchitis. Odds ratio of fever of unknown origin is 2.793 and X2 is 7.213. Diseases whose odds ratio was over 1 were herpes, appendicitis, bronchitis, asthma, anemia, dental caries, head injury and drug allergy. But all of them were not significantly prevalent. Odds ratios of school records were 4-9 and X2 were 4-17 from elementary to junior high school. Odds ratio of western dishes was 2.709 and X2 was 5.189. There was no significant difference as to pets kept. We could not find overt relationships between Moyamoya disease and diseases of head and neck like tonsillitis.
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PMID:[Case-control study of moyamoya disease]. 280 21

Twenty nine children were treated with cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR, CS-807) and the clinical efficacy and side effects were evaluated. Ages of the patients ranged from 2 months to 10 years. Dose levels of CPDX-PR ranged from 7.5 to 12.0 mg/kg/day for 5 to 12.7 days. The 29 patients included 9 tonsillitis, 2 otitis media, 5 scarlet fever, 3 bronchopneumonia, 1 lymphadenitis, 8 urinary tract infections and 1 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, and they were evaluated for the clinical efficacy of CPDX-PR. Results were excellent in 21 and good in 8 patients. Out of the 29 patients, 3 cases showed diarrhea and 2 cases showed elevated GOT and GPT. The pharmacokinetics of CPDX-PR was studied in 9 patients whose ages ranged from 1 to 9 years. The serum peak concentrations of CPDX in 5 patients were between 1.37 and 4.10 micrograms/ml (mean: 2.53 micrograms/ml) at 1 to 6 hours after dosing 3 mg/kg before meals. Those of 4 patients ranged 3.29 to 4.88 micrograms/ml (mean: 4.36 micrograms/ml) at 2 hours after administering 6 mg/kg before meals. Portions of CPDX excreted into urine within 6 hours ranged from 20.3 to 34.3% (mean 27.1%) in 5 patients who were given 3 mg/kg, and ranged from 24.1 to 65.7% (mean 41.1%) in 4 patients given 6 mg/kg.
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PMID:[Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefpodoxime proxetil in children]. 281 Jul 21

Twenty-six children were treated with cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI) and the clinical efficacy and side effects were evaluated. Ages of the patients ranged from 8 months to 9 years. Doses of CFTM-PI ranged 7.5-20.1 mg/kg/day for 4 to 19 days. The twenty-six patients including 10 patients with tonsillitis, 1 pharyngitis, 3 otitis media, 2 scarlet fever, 1 bronchopneumonia, 1 lymphadenitis, 6 urinary tract infections, 1 vaginitis and 1 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome were evaluated for clinical efficacy. Results were excellent in 11, good in 13, and fair in 2 patients. Out of the 26 patients, one case showed elevated GOT and GPT, and another case showed elevated GOT. The pharmacokinetic study of CFTM-PI was performed in 9 fasting patients whose ages ranged from 2 to 11 years. Serum peak concentrations of CFTM were 0.92 to 1.05 micrograms/ml (mean 0.99 microgram/ml) at 1 to 2 hours after a dose of 1.5 mg/kg each to 3 patients, 1.12 to 1.38 micrograms/ml (mean 1.25 micrograms/ml) after a dose of 3 mg/kg each to 3 patients and 0.66 to 2.1 micrograms/ml (mean 1.17 micrograms/ml) after a dose of 6 mg/kg each to 3 patients. The portions of the drug excreted into urine within 8 hours were 8.9% and 14.7% in 2 patients, each given a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, from 13.0 to 23.1% (mean 18.4%) in 3 patients, each given a dose of 3 mg/kg, and 6.3% and 8.7% in 2 patients, each given a dose of 6 mg/kg.
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PMID:[Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefteram pivoxil in children]. 281 Jul 36

Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies were done on the effect of cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI, T-2588) (10% granules), a new oral cephalosporin, in the field of pediatrics. The results are summarized below. 1. Antibacterial activities Antibacterial activities of CFTM against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes were studied comparatively with activities of cefaclor (CCL), cephalexin (CEX) and ampicillin (ABPC). MICs of CFTM against S. aureus were distributed in a range between 0.78 and 12.5 micrograms/ml, with a peak value of 3.13 micrograms/ml, which were similar to MIC ranges of CEX and CCL. MICs of CFTM against all strains of S. pyogenes were less than or equal to 0.025 microgram/ml, which were similar to MIC of ABPC. CFTM was approximately 2 to 3 folds more effective than CCL or CEX. 2. Absorption and excretion. Serum concentrations and urinary excretions of CFTM were determined in doses of 3 mg/kg (non-fasting) and 6 mg/kg (non-fasting and fasting). In non-fasting subjects, peak concentrations of CFTM in serum were dose-dependent and were 1.15-2.3 micrograms/ml and 1.8-3.6 micrograms/ml at 2-3 hours, 0.125-0.78 micrograms/ml and 0.245-0.97 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, respectively, for the 2 dose levels. Serum half-lives were 1.03-2.65 hours for the dose of 3 mg/kg and 1.07-1.83 hours for 6 mg/kg. In fasting subjects, the mean peak serum concentrations were 1.73 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 1.13 micrograms/ml at 6 hours for the dose of 6 mg/kg. Urinary recovery rates in the first 6 hours varied 5.3-19.2%. 3. Clinical study Clinical efficacies were examined in a total of 41 cases including 9 cases of bacterial pneumonia, 10 cases of bronchitis, 11 cases of tonsillitis, 7 cases of urinary tract infections, 3 cases of scarlet fever and 1 case of otitis media. Clinical efficacies were excellent in 30 cases, good in 10 cases, poor in 1 case, hence the efficacy rate was 97.6%. All of the 28 bacteria identified in these cases were eradicated after CFTM-PI treatments. No noticeable abnormalities were found as side effects. An elevation of eosinophil, an increase of platelet count and elevations of GOT and GPT were observed in 3 patients.
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PMID:[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefteram pivoxil in the pediatric field]. 281 Jul 43


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