Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have summarized our experience in recovery of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (BLPB) in head and neck infection (HNI). These HNI include conjunctivitis, serous and chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, chronic mastoiditis, chronic sinusitis, adenoiditis, recurrent tonsillitis in children and adults, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess. Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria were found in 262 (51%) of 513 patients with HNI; 72% had aerobic BLPB and 57% had anaerobic BLPB. The infections, where these organisms were most frequently recovered, were adenoiditis (85% of patients), tonsillitis in adults (82%) and children (74%), retropharyngeal abscess (71%), and chronic otitis media (57%). The predominant BLPB were Staphylococcus aureus (49% of patients with BLPB), the Bacteroides-melaninogenicus group (28%), the Bacteroides fragilis group (20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Hemophilus influenzae (5%), and Branhamella catarrhalis (3%). The high incidence of recovery of BLPB in head and neck infections may have important implications on the antimicrobial management of these infections.
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PMID:Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in head and neck infection. 325 96

To 6 cases of children in 2 groups of 3 each, newly developed sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) was given at 20 and 40 mg/kg by intravenous bolus injection, respectively, and the serum and urinary concentrations and recoveries of SBT and CPZ were determined. To 1 case of purulent meningitis, this drug was given at 40 mg/kg by intravenous bolus injection, and the cerebrospinal fluid and serum concentrations of SBT and CPZ were determined. Susceptibility tests to SBT/CPZ and CPZ of total 289 strains were conducted; Gram-positive cocci tested consisted of 26 S. aureus strains, 20 S. pyogenes strains and 21 S. pneumoniae strains, and Gram-negative bacilli consisted of 24 H. influenzae strains, 22 E. coli strains, 26 K. pneumoniae strains, 24 E. cloacae strains, 21 E. aerogenes strains, 19 Citrobacter sp. strains, 20 S. marcescens strains, 23 P. mirabilis strains, 23 indole-positive Proteus sp. strains and 20 P. aeruginosa strains. SBT/CPZ was given to total 43 cases at a mean daily dosage of 80.4 mg/kg, in 3 or 4 divided doses (6 cases in 3 and 37 cases in 4), 1 case receiving the drug by drip infusion over 30 minutes (in 3 divided doses) and all the other 42 cases by intravenous bolus injection, for 7 days on an average. They consisted of 2 cases of tonsillitis, 1 case of otitis media, 1 case of otitis media associated with mastoiditis, 30 cases of pneumonia, 1 case of suspected septicemia, 1 case of purulent meningitis, 5 cases of urinary tract infection, 1 case of purulent lymphadenitis and 1 case of submaxillaritis. And the clinical and bacteriological effects were evaluated. Also, side reactions and laboratory examinations for abnormal values due to administration of this drug were made on 47 cases including 4 drop-outs. The following results were obtained: After administration of this drug to 2 groups of 3 children each at 20 and 40 mg/kg by intravenous bolus injection, mean serum concentrations of both SBT and CPZ reached the peaks in 5 minutes; SBT levels were 60.9 and 124.7 micrograms/ml for the 2 groups and CPZ levels were 105.0 and 214.1 micrograms/ml, respectively. In either group, CPZ levels were 1.7 times as high as SBT levels, and there was observed a dose-response in both. In the 20 mg/kg group, mean half-lives of SBT and CPZ were 0.96 and 1.24 hours, respectively, and in the 40 mg/kg group, they were 1.01 and 1.32 hours, CPZ values tending to be longer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies of sulbactam/cefoperazone in the pediatric field]. 609 68

Between 1 April 1996 and 30 June 1997, 1003 ear, nose and throat (ENT) outpatients and 340 inpatients diagnosed as having pulmonary tuberculosis were analysed for ENT manifestations of tuberculosis to determine the relationship to sputum positivity, whether any high risk factors exist for the ENT manifestations as compared to other pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and the response to anti-tubercular treatment. The commonest ENT manifestation was found to be laryngitis (seven cases), which was more common in pulmonary tuberculosis patients (five out of seven), all except one of whom were sputum negative. All of these patients were defaulters from anti-tuberculosis treatment or relapse cases, and vocal cords were the commonest site of involvement. One case of tuberculous tonsillitis and one case of tuberculous mastoiditis were also noted. The practical implications of an awareness of ENT tuberculosis is a benefit of anti-tubercular therapy and hence conservative management usually suffices.
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PMID:Epidemiological considerations and clinical features of ENT tuberculosis. 1148 87

We describe a retrospective case series of postanginal sepsis and Lemierre's syndrome (LS) identified from laboratory records of Fusobacterium necrophorum isolates and from clinical case note review. Some patients presented with sore throat, tonsillitis, quinsy or a septicaemic illness, whereas others presented with symptoms related to metastatic septic lesions with later recognition of the significance of the preceding sore throat. Patients with otitis media and mastoiditis are included in the study. The incidence of postanginal sepsis and LS appears to have increased over the study period (1994-99). The population of patients who had received antibiotics pre-admission has decreased in recent years. Attention is drawn to features which may assist in differentiating this condition from simple viral sore throats not requiring antibiotic therapy. A prospective study of the incidence of this rare but life-threatening condition mainly affecting young people is required in view of the more restricted use of antibiotic treatment for sore throat now recommended.
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PMID:Investigation of postanginal sepsis and Lemierre's syndrome in the South West Peninsula. 1210 95

The global epidemic of HIV infection remains appalling. By 2001, there were an estimated 1.4 million HIV-infected children, with 4.5 million deaths. In the UK, paediatric cases are clustered around population centres where there are high concentrations of infected immigrant adults, and to a lesser extent, areas where IV drug abuse is common. The highest incidence remains in London and the southeast. With the national redistribution of immigrant and refugee families, any doctor in any specialty may expect to be involved with children who are HIV positive, or have clinical AIDS. The majority of children are infected vertically, i.e. infection of the infant from an infected mother in the pre-, peri-, or post-natal periods. Rates of transmission vary from 15-20% in the developed countries. Children with HIV infection may have their primary presentation to ENT doctors, who should have appropriate thresholds for suspecting the diagnosis. The most common presenting features include persistent generalised lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, chronic/recurrent diarrhoea, poor growth, and fever. Fifteen to twenty percent of untreated children will present with an AIDS-defining illness by 12 months, typically with Pneumocystis pneumonia at approximately 3-4 months of age. Seventy percent of perinatally infected children will exhibit some signs or symptoms by 12 months Without treatment, the median age to progression to AIDS is approximately 6 years, and 25-30% will have died by this age. The median age of death is approximately 9 years. Children may also present with repeated/unusual ear infections, sinus disease (inc. mastoiditis), tonsillitis, orbital/peri-orbital cellulitis, oral candidiasis, and dental infections. Infections with streptococcus pneumoniae and group A streptococcus are common, and often progress to severe systemic infection with an appreciable mortality. Infections may be due to unusual pathogens such as Pseudomonas, 'typical' and atypical Mycobacteria, Candida, Aspergillus, etc. Fungal infections of the sinuses (inc. Aspergillus and Rhizopus spp.) may be particularly devastating, with rapid spread to involve bone and the central nervous system. Another classical presentation, which may present to ENT doctors, is that of bilateral parotid enlargement, especially in children who are 'slow progressors', many of whom also have Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonitis (LIP). A major attitudinal change has occurred due to advances in 3 main areas: (i) the multidisciplinary management of the infected mother (inc. counselling, antenatal screening, elective caesarean section, advising against breast feeding, etc.), (ii) the prevention of vertical transmission, using anti-retroviral therapy to the infected mother during pregnancy, and to the potentially infected infant in the first weeks of life, and (iii) major advances due to the advent of highly active anti-retroviral treatment. With effective use of these measures, transmission rates may be reduced to <2%. None of the measures though, affect a cure, and it will still be many years before the development of effective vaccines. ENT doctors may be referred children already known to be HIV-positive. Knowing how to talk to infected children (and their parents) is full of potential pitfalls, and requires careful forethought. Many infection-control policies have required considerable rethinking due to the AIDS epidemic. This has especially been the case with respect to needle-stick injuries, post-exposure prophylaxis, sterilization and re-use of equipment, and safe approaches to surgery.
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PMID:HIV infection in children--impact upon ENT doctors. 1466 74

The first publication on Lemierre Syndrome appears in 1936 by Lemierre. It is defined as an "oropharynx bacterial infection characterized by the thrombophlebitis in the internal jugular vein, derived in a systemic septic embolism". In 81% of the cases, the Fusobacterium necrophorum is the most frequent etiologic agent. Fever is the most common symptom, but it can depending on the primary infection, tonsillitis, mastoiditis or odontogenic infection. According to the literature the mortality is very low, but with a significant morbidity, that is why the diagnosis and early treatment is very important. The diagnosis it's clinical, even though the CT scan and other diagnosis methods (echography, MRI) help to determine the extent of the infection. It's necessary to administer the antibiotics endovenous at high dose, (keeping in mind that the most frequent micro organism is anaerobic), and vital support measures if necessary. We present a case report of Lemierre Syndrome associated to an odonthogenic infection caused by the 4.8 molar.
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PMID:Lemierre Syndrome associated with dental infections. Report of one case and review of the literature. 1776 6

The objective of this study is to present the antimicrobial management modalities of treating upper respiratory tract (URT) and head and neck infections. This article discusses the current antimicrobial treatment strategies of URT and head and neck infections. The increasing antimicrobial resistance of many bacterial pathogens has made the treatment of URT and head and neck infections more difficult. This review summarizes the aerobic and anaerobic microbiology and antimicrobials therapy of acute and chronic URT and head and neck infections. These infections include dental (gingivitis, periodontitis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and periodontal abscess), acute and chronic otitis media, mastoiditis and sinusitis, pharyngo-tonsillitis, peritonsillar, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses, suppurative thyroiditis, cervical lymphadenitis, parotitis, siliadenitis, and deep neck infections including Lemierre syndrome. In conclusion, the proper management of these infections requires an accurate clinical and bacteriological diagnosis.
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PMID:Current management of upper respiratory tract and head and neck infections. 1898 71

Anaerobes are the predominant components of oropharyngeal mucous membranes bacterial flora, and are therefore a common cause of bacterial infections of endogenous origin of upper respiratory tract and head and neck. This review summarizes the aerobic and anaerobic microbiology and antimicrobials therapy of these infections. These include acute and chronic otitis media, mastoiditis and sinusitis, pharyngo-tonsillitis, peritonsillar, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses, suppurative thyroiditis, cervical lymphadenitis, parotitis, siliadenitis, and deep neck infections including Lemierre Syndrome. The recovery from these infections depends on prompt and proper medical and when indicated also surgical management.
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PMID:Anaerobic bacteria in upper respiratory tract and head and neck infections: microbiology and treatment. 2219 51

Fusobacteria are members of the oral and gastrointestinal flora and are important potential pathogens in children. They are increasingly recognized as a cause of infections in children. These include infections of the head and neck (Lemierre syndrome, acute and chronic mastoiditis, chronic otitis and sinusitis, tonsillitis, peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses, postanginal cervical lymphadenitis, periodontitis), brain, lungs, abdomen, pelvis, bones, joints, and blood. This review describes the clinical spectrum of fusobacterial infection in children and their management.
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PMID:Fusobacterial infections in children. 2361 83

Fusobacterium species are increasingly recognized as a cause of head and neck infections in children. These infections include acute and chronic otitis, sinusitis, mastoiditis, and tonsillitis; peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses; Lemierre syndrome; post-anginal cervical lymphadenitis; and periodontitis. They can also be involved in brain abscess and bacteremia associated with head and neck infections. This review describes the clinical spectrum of head and neck fusobacterial infection in children and their management.
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PMID:Fusobacterial head and neck infections in children. 2598 Jun 88


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