Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The azalide antibacterial agent azithromycin is a semisynthetic acid-stable erythromycin derivative with an expanded spectrum of activity and improved tissue pharmacokinetic characteristics relative to erythromycin. The drug is noted for its activity against some Gram-negative organisms associated with respiratory tract infections, particularly Haemophilus influenzae. Azithromycin has similar activity to other macrolides against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis, and is active against atypical pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Once-daily administration of azithromycin is made possible by the long elimination half-life of the drug from tissue. Azithromycin is rapidly and highly concentrated in a number of cell types after absorption, including leucocytes, monocytes and macrophages. It undergoes extensive distribution into tissue, from where it is subsequently eliminated slowly. A 3-day oral regimen of once-daily azithromycin has been shown to be as effective as 5- to 10-day courses of other more frequently administered antibacterial agents [such as erythromycin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)] in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and otitis media. Adverse effects of azithromycin are mainly gastrointestinal in nature and occur less frequently than with erythromycin. Azithromycin is likely to prove most useful as a 3-day regimen in the empirical management of respiratory tract infections in the community. Its ease of administration and 3-day duration of therapy, together with its good gastrointestinal tolerability, should optimise patient compliance (the highest level of which is achieved with once-daily regimens). Azithromycin is also likely to be useful in the hospital setting, particularly for outpatients and for those unable to tolerate erythromycin.
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PMID:Azithromycin. A review of its pharmacological properties and use as 3-day therapy in respiratory tract infections. 888 83

Erythromycin, the prototypical macrolide, has been widely used since the 1950s in the management of pediatric infections. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for infants and children with Legionnaire's disease, pertussis, diphtheria, lower respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis and enteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. It is also indicated for treatment of syphilis; for streptococcal, staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections; genital infections caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum; and for the prevention of rheumatic fever and endocarditis in patients who are allergic to beta-lactam antibiotics. The new macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are also active against Borrelia burgdorferi, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. Erythromycin is associated with a low risk of serious side effects, although gastric distress occurs in a significant proportion of patients. Drug interactions with theophylline, carbamazepine, warfarin, cyclosporine, terfenadine and digoxin limit erythromycin use. The newer macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are more stable, better absorbed and better tolerated than erythromycin. Azithromycin is more active than erythromycin against Haemophilus influenzae. Excellent tissue and intracellular penetration may contribute to their clinical efficacy. In children both azithromycin and clarithromycin are indicated for acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis and for pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. (As of December, 1996, azithromycin for oral suspension was approved for community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by C. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae.) Claritromycin is also indicated for acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, pneumonia and disseminated mycobacterial infections. Azithromycin and clarithromycin are associated with a lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, a low rate of drug discontinuation caused by side effects and a low potential for interaction with other drugs.
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PMID:History of macrolide use in pediatrics. 910 54

An outbreak of upper respiratory infection (influenza-like syndrome) took place among the staff members of a large office building in Beijing, June, 1997. To understand the cause of the outbreak, with a case-control study with serological antibodies detection against serogroup 1 to 14 of Legionnaires' disease bacteria (LDB) and bacteriological test and culture on samples collected from the air-conditioning system of the office building was performed. The findings showed that the attack rates of tonsillitis and upper respiratory infection were 61.86% and 34.62% respectively. The relation was statistically significant between the symptoms of fever and tonsillitis in the cases (chi 2 = 77.88, P < 0.01). The positive rates of LDB antibodies on serogroups 9, 10, 12, 14 were 45.94% in the cases of upper respiratory infection and 3/15, 6/17, 0/15, 1/16 respectively in the four controls groups. Condensied water samples from an air-conditioning system showed that Legionella Pneumophila was positive. Evidence showed that it was an outbreak resulting from LDB serogroup 9 and 12, accompanied by upper respiratory infection related to air-conditioning system contaminated by LDB. This was the first report Lp infection associated with an air-conditioning system in China.
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PMID:[Investigation of an Legionnaires' disease outbreak associated with contaminated air-conditioning]. 1032 70

Telithromycin is a new ketolide antimicrobial, specifically developed for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. It has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against common respiratory pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes. It also has activity against atypical pathogens, such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Telithromycin maintains activity against beta-lactam and macrolide-resistant respiratory tract pathogens and does not appear to induce cross-resistance to other members of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) group of antimicrobials. It demonstrates bactericidal activity against S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae and has a prolonged concentration-dependent post-antibiotic effect (PAE) in vitro. The drug has favourable pharmacokinetics following oral administration. It is well absorbed, achieves good plasma levels and is highly concentrated in pulmonary tissues and white blood cells. In clinical trials, telithromycin given orally at a dose of 800 mg once daily for 5 - 10 days was as effective as comparator antimicrobials for the treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis and group A-beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis or tonsillitis. The adverse events and safety profile were similar to comparator antimicrobials. The most common adverse events were diarrhoea, nausea, headache and dizziness. Telithromycin should provide an effective, convenient and well-tolerated once-daily oral therapy for treatment of respiratory infections.
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PMID:Telithromycin: a new ketolide antimicrobial for treatment of respiratory tract infections. 1117 47

A one-year-and-seven-months-old boy was hospitalised because of fever, cough and general malaise. A diagnosed tonsillitis and pneumonia were treated with intravenous antibiotics. His clinical condition worsened despite antibiotic therapy. After immunologic investigations revealed both a cellular and a humoral immune disorder, a broncho-alveolar lavage was performed. The culture revealed Legionella pneumophila. Antibiotic treatment was then changed to erythromycin in combination with rifampicin, with a good response. Although rarely described in childhood, one should consider L. pneumophila as a possible pathogen in immunocompromised children presenting with pneumonia.
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PMID:[Pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila in an immunocompromised child]. 1217 38

Cefditoren pivoxil, an oral third-generation cephalosporin, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in September 2001. It has been used in Japan for several years. The greatest therapeutic potential of cefditoren appears to be its activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms causing respiratory tract infections and skin and skin-structure infections, such as Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Cefditoren is also effective against methicillin-susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Nevertheless, cefditoren has no activity against atypical pathogens, including Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella sp. Moreover, cefditoren does not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Bacteroides fragilis. In virtually all studies, cefditoren has compared favorably against other orally administered antibiotics used against the most commonly isolated respiratory tract pathogens. Its side effect profile includes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dyspepsia. Cefditoren is indicated for treatment of mild-to-moderate acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis-tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by susceptible strains of organisms in adults and adolescents (> or = 12 yrs of age). Based on its reported antimicrobial activity, cefditoren has potential for empiric management of most commonly encountered respiratory tract infections. Additional studies will further define its role in clinical practice.
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PMID:Cefditoren, a new aminothiazolyl cephalosporin. 1238 78

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children under the age of 5 years. Almost 2 million children die from ARTIs each year, and most of them are from developing countries. The prevalence and correlation of pathogens in ARTIs are poorly understood, but are critical for improving case prevention, treatment, and management. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and correlation of infectious agents in children with ARTIs. A total of 39,756 children with one or more symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, herpangina, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis, were enrolled in the study. All patients were hospitalized in Wuhan Children's Hospital between October 1, 2010 and September 30, 2012, and were evaluated for infectious agents. Pathogens, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Coxiella burnetii, were screened simultaneously in patient blood samples using anti-pathogen IgM tests. Regression analysis was used to reveal correlations among the pathogens. Our results showed that one or more pathogens were identified in 10,206 patients, and that Mycoplasma pneumoniae, adenoviruses, and influenza B virus were the leading infectious agents. Mixed-infections of pathogens were detected in 2,391 cases, with Mycoplasma pneumoniae as the most frequent pathogen. The most common agents in the co-infections were Mycoplasma pneumoniae and influenza B virus. Regression analysis revealed a linear correlation between the proportion of mixed infections and the incidence of multi-pathogen infections. The prevalence of infectious agents in children with ARTIs was determined. Equations were established to estimate multiple infections by single-pathogen detection. This revealed a linear correlation for pathogens in children with ARTIs. This study provides useful information for improving case prevention and management.
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PMID:Prevalence and correlation of infectious agents in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections in Central China. 2575 2