Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fundamental and clinical studies were made on cefadroxil, a new oral cephalosporin, and the following results were obtained. (1) Antibacterial activity of the drug against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella and P. mirabilis was almost equal to that of cephalexin. The MIC of indole positive Proteus. Enterobacter, Citrobacter, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa to cefadroxil was higher than 100 microgram/ml in almost all strains. (2) Serum concentrations following an oral administration of 10.0 to 14.3 mg/kg of cefadroxil dry syrup was highest at 2 hours in 2 cases and 1 hour in 1 case, respectively, which were 13.4 to 17.1 microgram/ml, and 1.8 to 6.8 microgram/ml at 4 hours with an T 1/2 of 1.04 to 1.62 hours and apparently longer continuation of serum concentration than that of cephalexin. Urinary recovery rate was 75-96% up to 6 hours. (3) Fourteen patients, i.e., 6 with tonsillitis and 8 with urinary tract infection, were treated with a daily oral dose of 30-50 mg/kg divided in 4 doses except 1 case divided in 3 doses. The overall efficacy rate was 100%, i.e., excellent in 13, good in 1 and no failure. Causative organisms disappeared in all cases. (4) Adverse reactions, such as diarrhea and skin rash, were not noted at all and 1 case presented a mild elevation of GOT and GPT. (5) Taste and flavor of the drug was well palatable to children. (6) Based on the above results, it is concluded cefadroxil dry syrup is a new potent cephalosporin for oral use in the treatment of acute bacterial infection in children. Daily dose of 40 mg/kg in 3-4 divided doses appeared to be appropriate.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on cefadroxil dry syrup in children (author's transl)]. 724 5

Corynebacterium haemolyticum infections are described for the first time in Sri Lanka. In a period of 2 years from 1978-80 C. haemolyticum was isolated from the pharynx of 9 patients wih tonsillitis and from local septic lesions in 7 other patients. Association with other pathogens was common. No patients had a rash. The properties of the isolates are described.
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PMID:Corynebacterium haemolyticum infections in Sri Lanka. 728 79

Fundamental and clinical studies on cefroxadine (CXD) were carried out, and we have obtained the following results. (1) Sensitivity distribution: As for the sensitivity distribution in S. aureus, the peak was within the ranges from 3.13 to 6.25 microgram/ml in the inoculum size of 10(9) CFU/ml, the distribution was less than or equal to 0.1 to 50 microgram/ml in the inoculum size of 10(6) CFU/ml, with the peak at 1.56 to 6.25 microgram/ml. In S. pyogenes, the sensitivity distribution ranged between less than 0.1 and 1.56 microgram/ml, with the peak at 0.1 microgram/ml in the inoculum size of 10(9) CFU/ml. In the inoculum size of 10(6) CFU/ml, however, the all strains were distributed within the ranges of 0.1 to 0.78 microgram/ml, and the growth of 49 out of 54 strains (91%) was inhibited at less than or equal to 0.1 microgram/ml. In E. coli, the sensitivity peak was at 25 to 50 microgram/ml in the inoculum size of 10(8) CFU/ml, and 5 strains (9.3%) were detected with greater than 100 microgram/ml. Of the 5 strains, 1 strain showed cross tolerance with CEX, the remaining 4 strains was at 50 microgram/ml and at 25 microgram/ml in 2 strains each. In the case of inoculum size of 10(6) CFU/ml, the sensitivity distribution was all within the ranges from 0.78 to 12.5 microgram/ml, except for 1 strain at 100 microgram/ml, with the peak being within the ranges from 3.13 to 12.5 microgram/ml. As for the above 100 microgram/ml-strain, it was showing cross tolerance with CEX. (2) Serum concentration: CXD was administered at a dose level of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg between meals to 5 children, and CXD concentration in their serum was measured. In the group of the 10 mg/kg administration: average 30 minutes value; 8.7 microgram/ml, 1 hour value; 9.15 microgram/ml, 2 hours value; 7.4 microgram/ml, 3 hours value; 2.85 microgram/ml, 4 hours value; 1.0 microgram/ml and 6 hours value; 0.32 microgram/ml, with half-life of 0.88 hours. In the group of the 20 mg/kg administration: average 30 minutes value; 11.7 microgram/ml, 1 hour value; 16.8 microgram/ml, 2 hours value; 10.7 microgram/ml, 3 hours value; 8.15 microgram/ml, 4 hours value; 3.33 microgram/ml, 6 hours value; 1.22 microgram/ml, with half-life of 1.03 hours. A significant interrelation in dose response was observed between the 2 groups. (3) CLINICAL RESULTS: Clinical investigation were held in 29 cases (47 boys and 32 girls). Their diseases comprised of 2 acute pharyngitis, 28 acute purulent tonsillitis, 11 scarlet fever, 3 cervical purulent lymphadenitis, 14 acute bronchitis, 7 acute pneumonia, 11 urinary tract infection and 3 skin soft tissue infection. The drug was effective in 74 out of the 79 cases (93.7%). Causative organism was proved in 60 out of the 79 cases. Fifty-five cases (91.7%) were observed bacterial disappearance or reduction in the 60 cases. Side effects were observed in a total of 3 cases (3.8%), i.e. 2 cases of abnormal values in the laboratory findings (an eosinophilia and/or an elevation of the GPT readings) and 1 case of manifestation of exanthema.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies of cefroxadine in pediatric field (author's transl)]. 733 86

We carried out clinical studies on cefozopran (CZOP, SCE-2787). The results are summarized as follows. Treatment with CZOP was made in 17 cases of pediatric bacterial infections including 2 cases of purulent tonsillitis, 11 cases of acute pneumonia and 2 cases each of urinary tract infections and enteritis. Results obtained were excellent in 12 cases, good in 2 cases, fair in 2 cases and poor in 1 case. All of 9 isolated bacteria were eradicated by the treatment. As side effects and laboratory test results, rash was observed in one case and transient increase of platelets in one case, slight increase of eosinophil in 2 cases and transient elevation of GPT and GOT.GPT in one case.
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PMID:[Bacteriological and clinical studies on cefozopran in pediatric field]. 785 84

A total of 193 patients with streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis received 500 mg dirithromycin once daily and 196 patients 250 mg erythromycin four times daily for ten days in a double-blind, parallel-group multicentre study. In the dirithromycin treatment group, 97 (50.3%) patients completed the study and were evaluated for efficacy analysis, and 99/196 (50.5%) erythromycin-treated were evaluated for efficacy of treatment. Favourable clinical responses to treatment (cure or improvement of symptoms) at the post-therapy visit (three to five days after therapy completion) occurred in 89 (91.7%) dirithromycin- and 93 (93.9%) erythromycin-treated patients. Bacteriological response was favourable (pathogen eliminated in 81 (83.5%) dirithromycin- and 87 (87.9%) erythromycin-treated patients. At late post-therapy (three to five weeks after treatment) 82/89 (92.1%) dirithromycin- and 90/93 (96.8%) erythromycin-treated patients had a favourable clinical response. Bacteriological response at late post-therapy was favourable in 77 (86.5%) dirithromycin- and 85 (94.4%) erythromycin-treated patients. No deaths occurred during or after treatment, and the serious events experienced by three dirithromycin- and one erythromycin-treated patients were unrelated to treatment. Five patients taking dirithromycin and seven taking erythromycin discontinued treatment prematurely, mainly due to gastrointestinal disturbances. Adverse events that occurred in 2% or more of patients in each treatment group were mainly gastrointestinal (diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting); headache and rash were also reported. No significant differences in clinical laboratory data were detected that were considered to be drug-related.
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PMID:Clinical efficacy of dirithromycin in pharyngitis and tonsillitis. 847 16

In a double-blind, prospective, randomized, multicenter study, 164 patients with a clinical and bacteriologic diagnosis of acute streptococcal tonsillitis/pharyngitis were enrolled to compare the efficacy and safety of two regimens of clindamycin. A rapid identification test of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) was used to initiate the therapy; however, a positive tonsillar/pharyngeal culture was required at pretreatment to determine if the patient was assessable. Another culture was repeated at least 2 days after the 10 days of drug therapy. From 164 patients enrolled (mean age, 27.7 years; range, 14 to 60 years), 141 were assessable for efficacy; 22 patients were excluded because they did not have a positive culture at pretreatment and 1 patient did not complete the study due to a side effect (rash). All patients were included in the safety analysis. Patients received either clindamycin hydrochloride capsules 150 mg four times per day (QID) or clindamycin hydrochloride capsules 300 mg two times per day (BID) and placebo capsules BID for 10 days. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of demographics, medical history, and evolution of symptoms. The clinical efficacy rate in the two groups at day 12 was as follows: QID group--cured, 64 (92.8%) of 69 patients; improved, 5 (7.2%) of 69 patients; BID group--cured, 67 (93.1%) of 72 patients; improved, 5 (6.9%) of 72 patients. There were no significant differences between the groups. Both regimens were well tolerated with only 1 patient in the QID group who did not complete the therapy due to a rash.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A double-blind, multicenter comparative study of two regimens of clindamycin hydrochloride in the treatment of patients with acute streptococcal tonsillitis/pharyngitis. 856 25

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) syndrome is typically caused by EBV, but also by drugs and other organisms such as CMV and HBV. It demonstrates a wide range of clinical and laboratory characteristics, presumably depending on the age of onset. However, associations of laboratory abnormalities with the clinical features have not been well documented. We evaluated here, the associations among patients with IM syndrome using of multiple regression (MR) and multiple logistic regression (MLR) analyses. We examined 90 (40 males, 50 females) patients, who were admitted to our hospital with IM syndrome. The diagnostic criteria were fever and presence of atypical lymphocytes (> 5% of the WBC or the count including monocytes > 5000/microliter), and at least 3 of 7 clinical features: tonsillitis, lymphadenopathy, skin rash, hepato-, spleno-megaly, hepatic dysfunction. The diagnosis of EBV was serologically confirmed in 41 cases. MR revealed that the higher age group tended to have lower platelet counts, and that lower platelet counts were associated with higher ALT levels. In addition, MLR revealed that patients with skin rash tended not to have splenomegaly. The frequency of splenomegaly was not related to age, contrary to the findings of previous reports. These findings are useful to differentiate IM syndrome based on laboratory data.
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PMID:[Multivariate analysis of the associations between laboratory data and clinical features among patients with infectious mononucleosis syndrome]. 981 19

Infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) is the most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis beyond infancy. We report on two patients with scarlet fever associated with hepatitis. The patients (boys aged 6 and 7 years) both presented with a scarlatiniform rash, dark urine and light-colored stools. Laboratory studies revealed elevated liver transaminases and negative antibody tests against hepatitis viruses A, B and C, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Both patients were treated with antibiotics and recovered completely within a few days. Although the association between scarlet fever and hepatitis has been known for many decades, the pathogenesis is still unknown. Physicians treating patients with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections should be aware of possible hepatic involvement.
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PMID:Scarlet fever associated with hepatitis--a report of two cases. 1096 36

The hypothesis that protection of infants from exposure to infectious agents with delayed first exposure to one or more specific agents together contribute to the aetiology of childhood leukaemia, especially common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (cALL), has substantial indirect support from descriptive epidemiology and case-control studies in developed Western countries. A case-control study of childhood leukaemia diagnosed at ages 2-14 years has now been conducted in Hong Kong. Cases (n=98) formed a consecutive series of Chinese children diagnosed with acute leukaemia; controls (n=228) were identified following a survey using random digit dialling and required to attend for medical examination by a paediatrician. Interviews with mothers were conducted in hospital by one trained interviewer using a structured questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported for exposure variables capable of serving as proxies for exposure to infection in two critical time periods: first year of life, year before reference date (diagnosis for cases, corresponding date for controls). Analyses used logistic regression with adjustment for appropriate confounders. Change of area of residence reduced risk if during the first time period (OR = 0.47 [95% CI 0.23, 0.98]) and increased risk if during the second (OR=3.92, [95% CI 1.47, 10.46]). Reported roseola and/or fever and rash in the first year of life reduced risk (OR=0.33 [95% CI 0.16, 0.68]) whereas tonsillitis in the period 3-12 months before reference date increased risk (OR=2.56 [95% CI 1.22, 5.38]). Some other proxies for exposure to infection at the critical times were associated with predicted patterns of risk but day-care attendance failed to show predicted associations. These results provide support for the delayed exposure hypothesis in an affluent geographical setting in which population exposure to infectious agents is quite distinct from the settings of previous case-control studies.
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PMID:Is the timing of exposure to infection a major determinant of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Hong Kong? 1206 Mar 13

In this study we aimed to investigate the findings in patients with adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) admitted with fever of unknown origin (FUO) during the last 18 years in our unit, in order to discover the ratio of such patients to all patients with FUO during the same period, and to determine the clinical features of AOSD in FUO. The number and the aetiologies of the patients with FUO diagnosed between 1984 and 2001, and the clinical features of those with AOSD, were taken from the patient files. The diagnosis of AOSD was reanalysed according to the diagnostic criteria of Cush et al. [11]. The presumed diagnoses before a diagnosis of AOSD was established were also noted. The chi(2) and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis. We studied 130 patients with a diagnosis of FUO, 36 (28%) of whom had collagen vascular diseases. Of these 36 patients, 20 (56%, 12 female, 8 male, mean age 34 years, range 16-65) had AOSD. Clinical and laboratory findings were as follows: fever (100%), arthralgia (90%), rash (85%), sore throat (75%), arthritis (65%), myalgia (60%), splenomegaly (40%), hepatomegaly (25%), lymphadenopathy (15%), anaemia (65%), neutrophilic leukocytosis (90%), increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (100%), elevated transaminase levels (65%), a negative RF (100%), and a negative FANA (80%). Antibiotics had been prescribed in 18 (90%) of cases. The presumed infectious diagnoses were streptococcal tonsillitis/pharyngitis (50%), infective endocarditis (four patients), sepsis (two patients) and acute bacterial meningitis (two patients). The presumed non-infectious diagnoses were acute rheumatic fever (three patients), seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (two patients) and polymyositis (two patients). Sixteen patients were followed for a mean duration of 30 months (range 2-59). A remission was obtained with indomethacin in three cases (19%), and with prednisolone in the remainder. Relapse was detected in three cases (19%). AOSD is one of the most frequent aetiologies of FUO. During the diagnostic course of a patient with FUO, a maculopapular rash and/or arthralgia and/or sore throat should raise the suspicion of AOSD. Because the disease has heterogeneous clinical findings, certain bacterial infections (e.g. streptococcal pharyngitis and sepsis) are generally considered and the prescribing of antibiotics is common.
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PMID:Fever of unknown origin: a review of 20 patients with adult-onset Still's disease. 1274 Jun 70


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