Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fundamental and clinical studies on cefotetan (CTT), a new cephamycin antibiotic, were carried out under a joint study programme in pediatric field, and the following results were obtained. Pharmacokinetic study In 20 pediatric patients with normal renal function, weighing 15 to 48 kg, CTT was injected intravenously at 20 mg/kg in 3 to 5 minutes. The mean blood concentration of CTT was 215.6 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes after the end of injection, 90.7 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 57.2 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 33.9 micrograms/ml at 4 hours and 10.2 micrograms/ml at 8 hours. The half-life of the drug in the beta-phase, computed from the mean blood concentrations up to 8 hours postdosing, was 2.61 hours. The peak of the mean urinary excretion of cefotetan appeared in 0 to 2 hours after the injection and 36.5% of the dose was recovered in the urine. The mean excretion at 0 to 8 hours was 68.1%. Clinical study Clinical effects of CTT was evaluated in 285 patients with 287 diseases, since 1 patient had both pneumonia and erysipelas, and another both pneumonia and acute otitis media. Daily dosage of CTT ranged from 15 to 123 mg/kg, and 266 patients (93.3%) received the drug either 2 or 3 times daily. The clinical response was seen in 83.3% of the 6 cases with sepsis, 89.3% of the 122 cases with pneumonia with or without pyothorax, 96.2% of the 52 cases with either acute bronchitis or tonsillitis, 92.5% of the 67 cases with urinary tract infection and 92.5% of the 40 cases with other infections. The causative organisms were detected in 160 patients and the rate of complete disappearance was 80.6%. Out of 310 patients, side effects were seen in 9 cases, diarrhea in 8 (2.6%) and rash in 1 (0.3%). Abnormal clinical laboratory findings were seen in 24 cases, elevation of serum transaminases in 19 (7.8%), elevation of TTT and LDH in 1 (0.4%) and eosinophilia in 4 (1.6%). None of these cases showed serious side effects or abnormal clinical laboratory findings. From the above results, it is concluded that CTT is one of the useful drug for treatment of infections in pediatric field.
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PMID:[Comprehensive evaluation of cefotetan in pediatrics]. 636 9

Fundamental and clinical studies of cefotetan (CTT) were made in pediatric field and the following results were obtained. Antimicrobial activity MIC80 values of CTT against clinically isolated S. aureus (32 strains), E. coli (33 strains) and K. pneumoniae (33 strains) were 25, 0.1 and 0.1 microgram/ml respectively. Antimicrobial activities of CTT against E. coli and K. pneumoniae were superior to those of CMZ, though the activity against S. aureus was inferior to that of CMZ. Pharmacokinetics When 20 mg/kg of CTT was administered to 3 children, who were 3 to 8 years of age, by a intravenous bolus injection, the mean serum concentrations of the drug after 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours were 110.7 +/- 9.2, 81.7 +/- 10.1, 50.0 +/- 7.5, 25.3 +/- 4.6, 14.9 +/- 5.5 and 7.7 +/- 2.8 micrograms/ml respectively, and the mean half-life (beta) was 2.01 +/- 0.32 hours. The mean concentrations of the drug in urine after 0-2, 2-4, 4-6 and 6-8 hours were 1,377 +/- 787, 1,045 +/- 689, 1,067 +/- 680 and 358 +/- 80 micrograms/ml respectively, and the mean recovery rate by 8 hours was 67.3 +/- 16.2%. Clinical study CTT was administered to 42 children of 2 monthes to 14 years of age, and clinical response, bacteriological effect and adverse reaction of the drug were studied. Clinical effects were evaluated in 8 cases of acute purulent tonsillitis, each 1 case of acute otitis media and acute bronchitis, 16 cases of acute bronchopneumonia or acute lobar pneumonia, 9 cases of acute pyelonephritis and 1 case of erysipelas, the results were excellent in 30 cases, good in 3, fair in 2 and poor in 1, and thus 91.7% of efficacy rate was obtained. Out of suspected causative organisms including 12 strains of H. influenzae, 1 strain of H. parainfluenzae, 7 strains of E. coli, 2 strains of S. pyogenes, 2 strains of S. pneumoniae and each 1 strain of S. epidermidis and S. faecalis, all the strains except each 1 strain of H. influenzae and S. faecalis disappeared after the treatment. Thus 92.3% of eradication rate was obtained. No side effects were recognized. Though abnormal laboratory findings were observed in 3 cases (7.1%), including elevation of GOT and GPT in 2 cases and eosinophilia in 1 case, those findings came to be normal after the treatment.
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PMID:[Experimental and clinical evaluation of cefotetan in pediatrics]. 658 33

In this work 98 cases of streptococcal tonsillitis and 361 cases of erysipelas were studied. As revealed in this study, in relapsing forms of streptococcal infection antibodies to cross-reacting antigens of the infective agent appear in the blood. The synthesis of antibodies to the basal layers of skin epithelium was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of medium-size immune complexes, 0-cell population and by a decrease in the number of T suppressors. The mechanism of the development of the autoimmune process in relapsing forms of streptococcal infection is discussed.
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PMID:[Autoimmune reactions in diseases of streptococcal etiology]. 806 52

The levels of spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence of whole blood were assessed in 165 patients with erysipelas in the acute period of the infection and in 129 patients followed up for 1 to 6 months after it, as well as in 216 patients with tonsillitis in the acute period of the infection and in 182 ones after it. Induced chemiluminescence was 4-5 times more intensive than spontaneous one in the acute period of streptococcal infections (erysipelas, tonsillitis) during the development of pyo-inflammatory complications; when the disease course was uncomplicated, this difference made up 2.6-3.2 times. During remission of streptococcal infections (in case of recurrences or exacerbations) the initial level of spontaneous chemiluminescence was significantly lowered as against the norm, and the intensity of induced chemiluminescence was 2.35 +/- 0.12 times higher, the normal value being 2.83 +/- 0.15.
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PMID:[Use of chemiluminescence in predicting suppurative-inflammatory complications in erysipelas and tonsillitis]. 896 34

Measurements were made of serum and urine myoglobin in 48 patients with leptospiral jaundice (LJ) and 56 patients with various acute infections. At the height of LJ blood myoglobin level reached 28.96 +/- 4.3 micrograms/l (normal concentration 0.315 +/- 0.002 microgram/l). Compared to acute pneumonia, acute viral hepatitis, tonsillitis, erysipelas, diphtheria, health values, the ratio of serum myoglobin to urine myoglobin in leptospirosis made up 45.25 against 5.4, 4.8, 6.8, 3.7, 1.8 and 1.3, respectively. A relationship was found between concentrations of myoglobin, bilirubin, creatinine in the blood and leptospirosis severity. Elevation of serum myoglobin as a manifestation of specific myositis is pathognomic for leptospirosis and contributes to the onset of acute renal failure and disturbance of bilirubin metabolism. Quantitation of blood myoglobin may be helpful as an additional test for leptospirosis severity.
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PMID:[The importance of myoglobin in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis]. 921 68

A 7-month outbreak of 15 cases of postpartum sepsis with group A haemolytic Streptococci (GAS) was stopped when a carrier was identified. Comparing delivery dates with duty rotas revealed that the carrier had been present during delivery in 13 of the 15 cases. The epidemic GAS type, T3-13-B3264, was found in a carbuncle in her groin and in atopic dermatitis lesions behind her ears and on her eyelids. Thus, it was not the microbiological screening of staff that helped detect the carrier. The outbreak went unnoticed for 6 months, as no 2 cases were diagnosed by the same physician and 5 cases were diagnosed by different general practitioners. The main risk factors for infection were presence of the carrier relative risk (relative risk RR 47.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 10.9-209.5) and suturing of episiotomy (RR 11.0; 95% CI 2.6-47.9). We recommend that a thorough epidemiological investigation should be carried out in every single case of GAS postpartum infection. Despite initial intravenous treatment with penicillin, 8 patients experienced > 15 recurring postpartum GAS infections, such as endometritis, wound infection, tonsillitis, erysipelas and Brodie's abscess. Eradication of GAS should be confirmed after completion of treatment.
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PMID:A 7-month outbreak of relapsing postpartum group A streptococcal infections linked to a nurse with atopic dermatitis. 1172 37

This study examines the diversity of superantigen gene profiles between and within emm-genotypes of 92 clinical group A streptococcal isolates (30 STSS, 24 sepsis, 25 erysipelas, and 12 tonsillitis) collected in Sweden between 1986 and 2001. The emm-genotype and the distribution of smeZ, speG, speJ, speA, speC, speH, speI, speK/L, speL/M, speM, and ssa genes, and the smeZ allelic variant were determined using PCR and DNA sequencing. Forty-five emm1 isolates revealed 10 superantigen gene profiles. One profile dominated and was identified in 22 isolates collected over 14 years. The results indicate that a selective advantage maintained this genotype in circulation. The superantigen content among the emm1 isolates ranged from three to seven, with smeZ-1, speG, and speA present in all but one profile. The 47 isolates of 27 other emm-genotypes exhibited 29 superantigen gene profiles. Thus, the distribution of superantigen genes was highly variable within isolates regardless of emm-genotype. Two novel emm1 subtypes and 14 novel smeZ allelic variants were identified. The 22 smeZ alleles were generally linked to the emm-genotype. The results of the investigation show that superantigen gene profiling is useful for tracking spread of clones in the community.
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PMID:Superantigen gene profile diversity among clinical group A streptococcal isolates. 1875 83

The experiments recorded show that the skin involved in the zone of inflammation produced by the endodermal injection of virulent living erysipelas streptococci into rabbits becomes, after the lesion has healed, partially but not completely resistant to subsequent infection with the homologous organism. In the majority of experiments the lesion resulting from the first endodermal injection spread downward, i.e., ventrally, to the site of needle puncture forming an oval or elongated inflammatory zone. Subsequent injections of the same strain into the skin beyond and ventral to the apparent edge of the lesion showed that these areas in the supposed direction of the lymph flow likewise became resistant but not quite to the same degree as in the inflammatory area. The contiguous areas above, behind, and in front of the healed lesion exhibited only a very mild degree of resistance. The other side of the rabbit where no previous injections had been made reacted as did the normal skin. Repeated injections on the same side bring about diminishing local reaction until there is almost no lesion following the injection of the standard skin dose. Thus there is a gradual spread of skin resistance on the inoculated side, whereas the non-injected side of the rabbit reacts normally. Finally, however, after many injections over relatively long periods the non-injected side becomes resistant, but at this time, there is evidence of general humoral immunity as shown by the presence of agglutinins and antitoxin in the blood. The local resistance is apparently not entirely specific, for the areas with the previous lesion and ventral to it become more resistant to another strain of beta hemolytic streptococcus, though in less degree, and to a virulent strain of Staphylococcus aureus to a still less degree. The most plausible explanation of the spread of the local immunity ventrally is that the streptococci follow the lymph channels. Indeed, in human erysipelas, the organisms are recovered by cutipuncture as far as 3 cm. beyond the advancing edge of the lesion where there is no gross evidence of inflammation. This aspect of local immunity will be considered in subsequent publications. The skin of the rabbit involved in the inflammatory reaction following the endodermal injection of living streptococci becomes resistant to subsequent injection of the homologous strain and of other strains of erysipelas streptococci which are not immunologically identical. The local immune areas are resistant but not to the same degree to a strain of hemolytic streptococci isolated from follicular tonsillitis and to a virulent Staphylococcus aureus. The areas contiguous to the local lesion but outside the apparent boundary of inflammation become more resistant to subsequent injection. But the regions ventral to those areas become more resistant than those dorsal, anterior, or posterior to the inflammatory zone. The skin on the non-injected side of the rabbit becomes resistant pari passu with the development of humoral immunity.
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PMID:LOCAL IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL ERYSIPELAS. 1986 61

The grampositive bacterium S. pyogenes (beta-haemolytic group A Streptococcus) is a natural colonizer of the human oropharynx mucous membrane and one of the most common agents of infectious diseases in humans. S. pyogenes causes the widest range of disease in humans among all bacterial pathogens. It is responsible for various skin infections such as impetigo contagiosa and erysipelas, and localized mucous membrane infections of the oropharynx (e. g. tonsillitis and pharyngitis). Betahaemolytic group A Streptococcus causes also invasive diseases such as sepses including puerperal sepsis. Additionally, S. pyogenes induces toxin-mediated syndromes, i. e. scarlet fever, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) and necrotizing fasciitis (NF). STSS and NF are severe, frequently fatal diseases that have emerged in Europe and Northern America during the last two decades. Finally, some immunpathological diseases such as acute rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis also result from S. pyogenes infections. Most scientists recommend penicillins (benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicllin) as drugs of first choice for treatment of Streptococcus tonsillopharyngitis and scarlet fever. Erysipelas and some other skin infections should be treated with benzylpenicillin. Intensive care measurements are needed for treatment of severe toxin-mediated S. pyogenes diseases. These measurements include the elimination of internal bacterial foci, concomitant application of clindamycin and benzylpenicillin and suitable treatment of shock symptoms. Management of immunpathological diseases requires antiphlogistical therapy. Because of the wide distribution of S. pyogenes in the general population and the lack of an effective vaccine, possibilities for prevention allowing a suitable protection for diseases due to S. pyogenes are very limited.
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PMID:[Streptococcus pyogenes--much more than the aetiological agent of scarlet fever]. 1994 4

Streptococcus pyogenes (or group A streptococcus [GAS]) is a major human pathogen causing infections, such as tonsillitis, erysipelas, and sepsis. Several GAS strains bind host complement regulator factor H (CFH) via its domain 7 and, thereby, evade complement attack and C3b-mediated opsonophagocytosis. Importance of CFH binding for survival of GAS has been poorly studied because removal of CFH from plasma or blood causes vigorous complement activation, and specific inhibitors of the interaction have not been available. In this study, we found that activation of human complement by different GAS strains (n = 38) correlated negatively with binding of CFH via its domains 5-7. The importance of acquisition of host CFH for survival of GAS in vitro was studied next by blocking the binding with recombinant CFH5-7 lacking the regulatory domains 1-4. Using this fragment in full human blood resulted in death or radically reduced multiplication of all of the studied CFH-binding GAS strains. To study the importance of CFH binding in vivo (i.e., for pathogenesis of streptococcal infections), we used our recent finding that GAS binding to CFH is diminished in vitro by polymorphism 402H, which is also associated with age-related macular degeneration. We showed that allele 402H is suggested to be associated with protection from erysipelas (n = 278) and streptococcal tonsillitis (n = 209) compared with controls (n = 455) (p < 0.05). Taken together, the bacterial in vitro survival data and human genetic association revealed that binding of CFH is important for pathogenesis of GAS infections and suggested that inhibition of CFH binding can be a novel therapeutic approach in GAS infections.
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PMID:Acquisition of complement factor H is important for pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes infections: evidence from bacterial in vitro survival and human genetic association. 2214 Feb 59


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