Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 82 patients involving 83 episodes of proven or presumed bacterial infection were treated with sulbactam/ampicillin. These included 36 cases of soft tissue infection or abscess, four cases of joint or bone infection, 20 cases of respiratory tract infection (17 cases of pneumonia, two of otitis media, and one of tonsillitis), 15 urinary tract infections, three cases of enterocolitis, one case of infective endocarditis, two cases of septicemia, and two of peritonitis. The causative pathogen was isolated in 48 cases (49 infections). These pathogens included Staphylococcus aureus 13 cases, Staphylococcus epidermidis one, Streptococcus pyogenes two, Streptococcus pneumoniae two, Viridans group streptococcus two, peptostreptococcus one, Haemophilus influenzae one, Escherichia coli 12, Enterobacter cloacae three, Proteus mirabilis one, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus one, Salmonella spp. two, Shigella sonnei one, Bacteroides fragilis one, and polymicrobial infections of various combinations in five cases. No bacterial pathogens were isolated in 34 infections, 14 cases of pneumonia and 15 soft tissue infections. Sulbactam/ampicillin was given by intravenous bolus in a dosage range of 75-450 mg/kg/day in four divided doses for variable periods of time depending on the type and severity of the infection. Of a total of 83 episodes of infections, 80 (96.4%) cases were either cured or improved. Bacteriologic eradication also occurred in 46 (93.9%) of 49 infections. Side effects were diarrhea in two patients, acute hemolytic anemia in one patient, and transient elevations in SGOT and leukopenia in one patient. Side effects disappeared upon completion of treatment. Sulbactam/ampicillin is a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of common pediatric infections.
 ...
PMID:Intravenous sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of pediatric infections. 268 18

Erythromycin, the prototypical macrolide, has been widely used since the 1950s in the management of pediatric infections. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for infants and children with Legionnaire's disease, pertussis, diphtheria, lower respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis and enteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. It is also indicated for treatment of syphilis; for streptococcal, staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections; genital infections caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum; and for the prevention of rheumatic fever and endocarditis in patients who are allergic to beta-lactam antibiotics. The new macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are also active against Borrelia burgdorferi, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. Erythromycin is associated with a low risk of serious side effects, although gastric distress occurs in a significant proportion of patients. Drug interactions with theophylline, carbamazepine, warfarin, cyclosporine, terfenadine and digoxin limit erythromycin use. The newer macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are more stable, better absorbed and better tolerated than erythromycin. Azithromycin is more active than erythromycin against Haemophilus influenzae. Excellent tissue and intracellular penetration may contribute to their clinical efficacy. In children both azithromycin and clarithromycin are indicated for acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis and for pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. (As of December, 1996, azithromycin for oral suspension was approved for community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by C. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae.) Claritromycin is also indicated for acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, pneumonia and disseminated mycobacterial infections. Azithromycin and clarithromycin are associated with a lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, a low rate of drug discontinuation caused by side effects and a low potential for interaction with other drugs.
 ...
PMID:History of macrolide use in pediatrics. 910 54

We describe an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among injection drug users (IDUs). From August 1994 through December 1999, we registered 31 IDUs with MRSA infections (12 with soft-tissue infection, 7 with pneumonia [fatal in 1], 7 with endocarditis [fatal in 1], 2 with osteomyelitis, 2 with septic arthritis, and 1 with ulcerative tonsillitis), with a marked increase in the number of IDUs registered during 1998 and 1999. Of 31 patients, 15 (48%) were infected with human immunodeficiency virus. A point-prevalence study among IDUs who frequented outpatient facilities in Zurich revealed an MRSA carriage rate of 10.3% (range, 0%-28.6%) in various facilities. In all but 1 case, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis banding patterns of isolates obtained from these patients were indistinguishable from isolates of the initial 31 IDUs registered. Risk factors for MRSA carriage were disability and prior hospitalization in a hospice. In summary, MRSA became endemic in IDUs in Zurich as a result of the spread of a single clone. This clone caused major morbidity and was responsible for a lethal outcome in 2 cases.
 ...
PMID:Epidemic spread of a single clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among injection drug users in Zurich, Switzerland. 1118 Nov 21

In this study we aimed to investigate the findings in patients with adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) admitted with fever of unknown origin (FUO) during the last 18 years in our unit, in order to discover the ratio of such patients to all patients with FUO during the same period, and to determine the clinical features of AOSD in FUO. The number and the aetiologies of the patients with FUO diagnosed between 1984 and 2001, and the clinical features of those with AOSD, were taken from the patient files. The diagnosis of AOSD was reanalysed according to the diagnostic criteria of Cush et al. [11]. The presumed diagnoses before a diagnosis of AOSD was established were also noted. The chi(2) and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis. We studied 130 patients with a diagnosis of FUO, 36 (28%) of whom had collagen vascular diseases. Of these 36 patients, 20 (56%, 12 female, 8 male, mean age 34 years, range 16-65) had AOSD. Clinical and laboratory findings were as follows: fever (100%), arthralgia (90%), rash (85%), sore throat (75%), arthritis (65%), myalgia (60%), splenomegaly (40%), hepatomegaly (25%), lymphadenopathy (15%), anaemia (65%), neutrophilic leukocytosis (90%), increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (100%), elevated transaminase levels (65%), a negative RF (100%), and a negative FANA (80%). Antibiotics had been prescribed in 18 (90%) of cases. The presumed infectious diagnoses were streptococcal tonsillitis/pharyngitis (50%), infective endocarditis (four patients), sepsis (two patients) and acute bacterial meningitis (two patients). The presumed non-infectious diagnoses were acute rheumatic fever (three patients), seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (two patients) and polymyositis (two patients). Sixteen patients were followed for a mean duration of 30 months (range 2-59). A remission was obtained with indomethacin in three cases (19%), and with prednisolone in the remainder. Relapse was detected in three cases (19%). AOSD is one of the most frequent aetiologies of FUO. During the diagnostic course of a patient with FUO, a maculopapular rash and/or arthralgia and/or sore throat should raise the suspicion of AOSD. Because the disease has heterogeneous clinical findings, certain bacterial infections (e.g. streptococcal pharyngitis and sepsis) are generally considered and the prescribing of antibiotics is common.
 ...
PMID:Fever of unknown origin: a review of 20 patients with adult-onset Still's disease. 1274 Jun 70

Although infection by Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a model of extracellular mucosal pathogenesis, and diphtheria is one of the most worried diseases, this microorganism can be associated also with invasive infections such as endocarditis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis. Invasive infections are usually caused by non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains. Over the last years severe pharyngitis/tonsillitis associated with the isolation of non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae have been described. Penicillin treatment failure of these infections could only partially be explained by penicillin tolerance of the causing strain. Thus, we examined the in vitro ability of non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae throat clinical isolates to adhere to, and enter human respiratory epithelial cells. Trasmission and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated intracellular C. diphtheriae in laryngeal (HEp-2 cells) and pharyngeal (Detroit D562 cells) tissue culture. Live intracellular bacteria were detectable up to 48 h post-infection. Using a variety of compound that act on eukariotic cell structures, the internalization of C. diphtheriae seems to occur via a zipper-like mechanism. It is likely that internalization of C. diphtheriae can be involved in throat colonization contributing to bacterial eradication failure and asymptomatic carriage.
 ...
PMID:Internalization of non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae by cultured human respiratory epithelial cells. 1535 Oct 33

1. In infections with streptococcus in man, such as acute septic endocarditis, and tonsillitis, there is produced a powerful opsonic immunity. 2. This opsonic immunity is effective towards the streptococcus which has caused infection but may be ineffective in the presence of streptococcus from other sources. 3. Little benefit can be expected from streptococcus vaccines unless they are prepared from the streptococcus which has caused infection.
 ...
PMID:PHAGOCYTIC IMMUNITY IN STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS. 1986 88

Streptococcus pyogenes is commonly found on pharynx, mouth and rarely on skin, lower gastrointestinal tract. It is a potential pathogen causing tonsillitis, pneumonia, endocarditis. The present study was undertaken to study the effects of low shear modeled microgravity on growth, morphology, antibiotic resistance, cross-stress resistance to various stresses and alteration in gene expression of S. pyogenes. The growth analysis performed using UV-Visible spectroscopy indicated decrease in growth of S. pyogenes under low shear modeled microgravity. Morphological analysis by Bio-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Bio-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) did not reveal much difference between normal and low shear modeled microgravity grown S. pyogenes. The sensitivity of S. pyogenes to antibiotics ampicillin, penicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, hygromycin, rifampicin indicates that the bacterium is resistant to hygromycin. Further S. pyogenes cultured under low shear modeled microgravity was found to be more sensitive to ampicillin and rifampicin as compared with normal gravity grown S. pyogenes. The bacteria were tested for the acid, osmotic, temperature and oxidative cross stress resistances. The gene expression of S. pyogenes under low shear modeled microgravity analyzed by microarray revealed upregulation of 26 genes and down regulation of 22 genes by a fold change of 1.5.
...
PMID:Comparative growth, cross stress resistance, transcriptomics of Streptococcus pyogenes cultured under low shear modeled microgravity and normal gravity. 2685 35

Diphtheria is a debilitating disease caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains and has been effectively controlled by the toxoid vaccine, yet several recent outbreaks have been reported across the globe. Moreover, non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains are emerging as a major global health concern by causing severe pharyngitis and tonsillitis, endocarditis, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. Molecular epidemiological investigations suggest the existence of outbreak-associated clones with multiple genotypes circulating around the world. Evolution and pathogenesis appears to be driven by recombination as major virulence factors, including the tox gene and pilus gene clusters, are found within genomic islands that appear to be mobile between strains. The number of pilus gene clusters and variation introduced by gain or loss of gene function correlate with the variable adhesive and invasive properties of C. diphtheriae strains. Genomic variation does not support the separation of C. diphtheriae strains into biovars which correlates well with findings of studies based on multilocus sequence typing. Genomic analyses of a relatively small number of strains also revealed a recombination driven diversification of strains within a sequence type and indicate a wider diversity among C. diphtheriae strains than previously appreciated. This suggests that there is a need for increased effort from the scientific community to study C. diphtheriae to help understand the genomic diversity and pathogenicity within the population of this important human pathogen.
 ...
PMID:Evolution, epidemiology and diversity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae: New perspectives on an old foe. 2729 8

Pasteurella is one of the zoonotic pathogens that can cause variety of serious infections in animals and humans such as bacteremia, septic shock, endocarditis, meningitis, prosthetic and native valve infections, osteomyelitis, skin and soft tissue infections, abscesses, and even pneumonia with empyema. However, there have been few reports of upper respiratory involvements like tonsillitis and epiglottitis in humans. We present a case of recurrent Pasteurella glossitis after a cat scratch which has not been reported in humans.
 ...
PMID:A Rare Case of Glossitis due to Pasteurella multocida after a Cat Scratch. 2784 Jul 49

Biofilms are microbial communities established in the self-produced extracellular substances that include up to 80% of associated microbial infections. During biofilm formation, bacterial cells shift from the planktonic forms to aggregated forms surrounded by an extracellular polymeric substance. The bacterial biofilm shows resistance against immune reactions as well as antibiotics and is potentially able to cause disorders by both device-related and nondevice-related infections. The nondevice-related bacterial biofilm infections include dental plaque, urinary tract infections, cystic fibrosis, otitis media, infective endocarditis, tonsillitis, periodontitis, necrotizing fasciitis, osteomyelitis, infectious kidney stones, and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will summarize and examine the literature about bacterial biofilm infections unrelated to indwelling devices.
 ...
PMID:The biofilm-associated bacterial infections unrelated to indwelling devices. 3215 Mar 27


1