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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence of respiratory tract infections in patients seeking medical advice at a community care centre (Dalby) during 1973 and 1974 was studied. About every third patient seen at this primary health station presented with signs of such infections. In the age groups less than 10, 10-19, 20-39, 40-59 and greater than or equal to 60 years, respiratory tract infections accounted for 65, 45, 32, 18 and 9% of the fotal number of diagnoses made during 1974. The aetiology of acute respiratory tract infections in a series of patients seen at this health station was studied. The series included randomly selected cases, but excluded children under seven years of age and patients presenting with signs of acute otitis media and tonsillitis. Attempts to establish the aetiology were made on the basis of the history, the clinical examination, and cultures for beta-haemolytic streptococci and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, complement foxation tests for influenza A and B, para-influenza 1, 2, and 3, adeno, cytomegalovirus and respiratory syncytial virus, and Chlamydia psittaci. Paul-Bunnell test and tests for cold agglutinins were also performed. With this test battery, an aetiological diagnosis was obtained in only 33% of the 101 patients studied. The findings suggest an infection with M.pneumoniae in 16%, with beta-haemolytic streptococci in 9%, and with viruses (adeno and para-influenza) in 7% of the patients. The present communication highlights the role of M.pneumoniae in upper respiratory infections, as few data have appeared on such infections in patients seen in general practice. The difficulty of establishing the aetiology of respiratory tract infections and the consequent treatment dilemma is discussed.
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PMID:The incidence and aetiology of respiratory tract infections in general practice--with emphasis on Mycoplasma pneumoniae. 78 48

Post-streptococcal complications are known to be common among Ethiopian children. Little is known, however, about the epidemiology of beta-haemolytic streptococci in Ethiopia. A total of 816 children were studied during a one-year period: 24 cases of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), 44 chronic rheumatic heart disease (CRHD), 44 acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN), 143 tonsillitis, 55 impetigo, and 506 were apparently healthy children. Both ARF and APSGN occurred throughout the year with two peaks during the rainy and cold seasons. The female:male ratio among ARF patients was 1.4:1 and 1:1.9 among APSGN. The monthly carrier rate of beta-haemolytic streptococci group A varied from 7.5-39%, average being 17%. T type 2 was the most frequent serotype. Marked seasonal fluctuations were noted in the distribution of serogroups among apparently healthy children. Beta-haemolytic streptococci group A dominated during the hot and humid months of February-May. Strains were susceptible to commonly used antibiotics, except for tetracycline.
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PMID:A one-year study of streptococcal infections and their complications among Ethiopian children. 139 12

The etiology of middle ear disease in Nijmegen, The Netherlands was studied on the basis of a data set collected in a prospective epidemiological study on otitis media with effusion (OME) in a cohort of 1439 preschool children. A factor analysis was used to evaluate two hypotheses: (1) that OME, acute otitis media (AOM), common cold and tonsillitis are manifestations of the same pathological entity, and (2) that a group of children can be distinguished who develop these conditions more frequently than average. The results only partly supported these hypotheses. The correlation between OME, AOM, common cold and tonsillitis was lower than expected from a review of the literature. Common cold appeared to be the ubiquitous ENT disease in childhood and, depending on the child's predisposition, could be accompanied by OME, AOM or tonsillitis. The course of middle ear and upper airway disease showed a gradual scale from "healthy" to "ill" with most of the children suffering from these conditions at an average frequency.
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PMID:An epidemiological approach to the etiology of middle ear disease in The Netherlands. 148 34

Weekly data for seven conditions reported to the weekly returns service of the Royal College of General Practitioners' Birmingham research unit over a 52-week period have been compared with those reported to the Oxford regional sentinel practice scheme. The mean weekly recorded rates for otitis media, asthma and intestinal infectious disease were similar in both systems; in the weekly returns service, mean weekly rates for common cold, acute bronchitis and influenza/influenza-like illness were approximately twice and for sore throat/tonsillitis slightly higher than rates in the Oxford scheme.In the weekly returns service no recommendations are made about criteria for diagnosis but in the Oxford scheme diagnostic criteria agreed by the participants are used. Where rates in both monitoring systems are the same, agreed criteria are likely to be conventional clinical practice and therefore superfluous. Where rates are different, the use of criteria enhances specificity of the information content but results in an underestimation of the total incidence of - respiratory disease presented to general practitioners.For common cold, acute bronchitis, otitis media and influenza/ influenza-like illness the associations between the rates in the two systems were high (R>/=O. 79), as might be expected, but these high values cross validate both recording systems in their monitoring of trends. For the remaining (non-epidemic) conditions the associations were low. There were no significant associations between the rates for asthma and the upper respiratory infectious diseases in either recording system, which suggests there was effective discrimination of asthma.
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PMID:Comparison between the weekly returns service and the Oxford regional sentinel practice scheme for monitoring communicable diseases. 255 50

Acute respiratory tract infections represent the major cause of morbidity in younger age groups. Most of these infections involve the upper respiratory tract. The frequency of respiratory tract infections vary not only with age, but also with season of the year and the epidemiological situation. Surveys of the incidence and aetiology of these infections must therefore cover large populations during relatively long periods of time. In the developed countries, the mortality in respiratory tract infections in patients below the age of 60 years is low, while it increases markedly in elderly patients, mainly due to involvement of the lower respiratory tract. Aetiologically, viral infections dominate but bacterial pathogens often cause pharyngitis/tonsillitis, otitis media and sinusitis. In longstanding cough in children, Branhamella catarrhalis has been found to be a pathogen of probably high significance. Other factors increasing the clinical importance of colonisation of the upper respiratory tract with potentially pathogenic bacterial species, are various immune defects, especially reduced IgA production, and granulocytopenia. In the latter case, Gram-negative bacteria seem to be more pathogenic than Gram-positive ones. The clinical differentiation between viral and bacterial upper respiratory tract infections is difficult and sometimes not possible. However, based on the knowledge that acute tracheitis, laryngitis and common cold are normally caused by viral agents, it seems reasonable not to use antibiotics for those patients.
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PMID:Clinical aspects on bacterial infections in the upper respiratory tract. 658 Jul 30

This study was carried out to examine the antiinflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of Kakkon-to (K), Kakkon-oren-ogon-to (KO), Kikyo-to (KK), Haino-to (H), Haino-san (HS), Mao-to (M) and Senkinkeimei-san (SK), which have been used for the treatment of stomatitis, tonsillitis, cold and chronic inflammatory diseases, and to elucidate the mode of their effects. Oral administration of K, KO, KK, H, HS, M and SK inhibited dose-dependently the increase of dye leakage induced by acetic acid in mice. Further antiinflammatory study was carried out on KK, H and HS which showed potent inhibition. All three extracts significantly inhibited the carrageenin-induced edema and the cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation. From these results, it is suggested that KK, H and HS may inhibit both the early exudative stage and the late proliferative stage in inflammatory processes. These extracts are comprised of Platycodon root as do other crude drugs, and the root may be partly responsible for the antiinflammatory effects induced.
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PMID:Studies on antiinflammatory effect of Japanese Oriental medicines (kampo medicines) used to treat inflammatory diseases. 765 27

Common causes of acute laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) are viral infections. More rarely, bacterial germs, unspecific irritants, foreign bodies, rachitic laryngospasm, mild malformation, tumours, C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, bilateral vocal cord paralysis, and psychogenic laryngospasm may be responsible for croup. Symptoms similar to epiglottitis may occur in pharyngitis based on common bacterial tonsillitis or infectious mononucleosis and peritonsillar abscess. It is decisively important to establish a precise diagnosis to provide for an appropriate therapy. Viral croup of mild degree is often sufficiently treated by cold and moistened air and--if necessary--prednisolone. In serious disease, oxygen insufflation and adrenaline (epinephrine) are useful. Recurrent croup is due to an unspecific hyperreactivity of tracheobronchial mucosa. It often leads to asthma. Consequently, preventive measures have to be considered similar to patients with bronchial hyperreactivity. Vaccination with haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine has proved effective and safe. The disease has therefore become impressively less frequent.
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PMID:[Croup syndrome]. 811 57

To disclose the risk factors for immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), we conducted a case-control study in the Tokai area of central Japan. The subjects were 94 patients, aged 20 years or older at diagnosis, who had histologically confirmed IgAN. Two sex-, age-, and residence-matched controls were randomly selected for each case from the general population. Information on medical history and lifestyle was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The strength of association between IgAN and a potential risk factor was assessed by calculating an odds ratio. A family history of chronic nephritis, susceptibility to the common cold, preference for salty foods, frequent consumption of raw eggs, and a high intake of carbohydrates, including rice, were significantly associated with an increased risk for IgAN. Alcohol consumption, use of antioxidant vitamin supplements, and a high intake of protein, fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, and all/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were somewhat protective against IgAN. Episodes of tonsillitis and exposure to organic solvents were found not to be associated with the risk in the present study. Our findings may provide some clues to the cause of IgAN.
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PMID:Risk factors for IgA nephropathy: a case-control study in Japan. 1019 18

This work was conducted in order to study how the health of adults is affected by the presence of moisture or mould in the home. A random sample of 310 houses in Finland was studied during the years 1993-1994. The houses were investigated for visual signs of moisture by a surveyor, and observations of mould were reported by the occupants. A moisture problem was observed in 52% and a mould problem in 27% of the houses. Health data was collected by means of a postal questionnaire from 699 adults. Exposure to moisture was significantly associated with sinusitis, acute bronchitis, nocturnal cough, nocturnal dyspnoea and sore throat, and the exposed inhabitants had significantly more episodes of common cold and tonsillitis. Exposure to mould was significantly associated with common cold, cough without phlegm, nocturnal cough, sore throat, rhinitis, fatigue and difficulties in concentration. Building-related moisture or mould increased the risk of upper and lower respiratory infections and symptoms as well as of nonrespiratory symptoms.
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PMID:The relationship between moisture or mould observations in houses and the state of health of their occupants. 1062 68

Acute respiratory infections accounts for 20-40% of outpatient and 12-35% of inpatient attendance in a general hospital. Upper respiratory tract infections including nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and otitis media constitute 87.5% of the total episodes of respiratory infections. The vast majority of acute upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses. Common cold is caused by viruses in most circumstances and does not require antimicrobial agent unless it is complicated by acute otitis media with effusion, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infection. Sinusitis is commonly associated with common cold. Most instances of rhinosinusitis are viral and therefore, resolve spontaneously without antimicrobial therapy. The most common bacterial agents causing sinusitis are S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, S. aureus and S. pyogenes. Amoxycillin is antibacterial of choice. The alternative drugs are cefaclor or cephalexin. The latter becomes first line if sinusitis is recurrent or chronic. Acute pharyngitis is commonly caused by viruses and does not need antibiotics. About 15% of the episodes may be due to Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GABS). Early initiation of antibiotics in pharyngitis due to GABS can prevent complications such as acute rheumatic fever. The drug of choice is penicillin for 10-14 days. The alternative medications include oral cephalosporins (cefaclor, cephalexin), amoxicillin or macrolides.
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PMID:Upper respiratory tract infections. 1183 68


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