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Query: UMLS:C0040425 (tonsillitis)
 1,594 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Due to high frequency, certain risk of related complications, absenteeism, direct and indirect costs related to them, acute respiratory infections represent a significant health problem. The aim of the paper is to examine the frequency and characteristics of acute respiratory infections, as well as the characteristics of patients with these infections among the population in care of general practitioners/family physicians. In 11 teaching general practices in Zagreb, data were collected from medical records on patients and acute respiratory infections which the patients developed over the period from October 1, 1994 to September 30, 1995. For statistical data processing description, distribution analysis and chi-square test were used. Out of 17,888 patients in care of general practitioners involved in the study, acute respiratory infections were noticed in 4,114 (22.9%) patients ranging in age from newborn to 97 years out of which 1,473 (35.8%) were males and 2,641 (64.2%) were females. A total of 5,892 acute respiratory infections were observed, in average 1.43 infections per patient, for which the patients visited their general practitioners 11,610 times (1.97 visits per infection). Most of the patients 2,958 (71.9%) attended their general practitioners because of one acute respiratory infection. The initial diagnosis of acute upper respiratory tract infection was registered in 4,601 (78.1%) infections, and final diagnosis in 4,475 (75.9%) infections. The most frequent diagnoses included: pharyngitis and tonsillitis (including streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis), nasopharyngitis, sinusitis and bronchitis. In 4,874 (82.7%) cases, general practitioners based their diagnosis on patient history and clinical examination. Antibiotics were prescribed in 3,892 (66.1%) cases. Out of 42 (1.2%) patients treated in hospital, seven patients were admitted for tuberculosis and two for bronchi cancer detected during the acute respiratory infection. Follow-up was reported in 3,644 (60.3%) cases, and sick leave in 1,236 (31%) cases. The results of this study have shown significantly higher frequency of acute respiratory infections in the morbidity in outpatient health care, and also that management of patients with these diseases is mainly the responsibility of general practitioners. In order to improve professional competence of general practitioner/family physician and quality of work in the management of patients with acute respiratory infections in general practice/family medicine, it is necessary to continuously improve the knowledge on all characteristics of the management of patient with these diseases in general practice, as well as to make a critical assessment of the existing practice.
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PMID:[Acute respiratory infection in general clinical practice]. 965 Apr 78

We report a 29 years old female presenting with fever and painful infiltrated erythematous and violaceous plates with pseudo vesicles in the surface, located in both arms, four days after having suffered a tonsillitis. She was admitted with the diagnosis of Sweet syndrome and the lesions disappeared spontaneously. Two months later, she presented with a similar condition, again after an upper respiratory infection. Five months later, she was admitted with arthralgias with positive rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies. Three years after the first admission, she was admitted with an acute glomerulonephritis and renal failure after another upper respiratory infection. Sweet syndrome was described in 1964 and, although initially considered benign, its association with inflammatory diseases or cancer has been reported.
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PMID:[Sweet syndrome associated with articular and renal involvement]. 1045 13

Streptococcus constellatus, S. intermedius, and S. anginosus, the 3 species of the S. milleri group, form part of the normal flora commonly found in the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal and genital tracts. This group has become known as an important pathogen in infections and abscesses, but data on the anatomical distribution of these species is lacking in relation to clinical significance. We obtained 275 strains of the S. milleri group from different departments at our hospital over the last 3 years, including 54 strains from dental surgery, 47 from internal medicine, 44 from otolaryngology (head and neck), 43 from surgery, 32 from gynecology, 17 from urology, 16 from dermatology, 11 from brain surgery, 6 from pediatrics, 3 from orthopedics, and 2 from opthalmology. The 44 strains from head and neck were found in 42 patients,--23 with primary infection and 19 with secondary infection induced by cancer treatments. The primary infection group included 4 deep neck abscesses, 1 peritonsillar abscess, 5 tonsillitis, 4 paranasal sinusitis, 3 congenital aural fistula infections, 2 dental infections, 2 paranasal sinus cysts, 1 supprative parotitis, and 1 postoperative wound infection. The secondary infection group included 7 postoperative wound infections, 3 postoperative pulmonary infections, 3 laryngitis and pharyngitis, 3 terminal pneumonias, and 3 infections of the local recurrence site. The S. milleri group was the only isolated organism in 13 cases (56.5%) of primary infection and in 5 (26.3%) of secondary infection. Among other organisms from the primary infection group, no so-called major pathogens were found. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the S. milleri group showed that 50% were resistant to CCL and 33% to CTM. ABPC, CPDX, and CFDN were also found to be less sensitive, although no resistant strains were detected. To adequately culture the S. milleri group, incubation in air containing carbon dioxide or in an anaerobic atmosphere is required, and differentiation of the 3 requires biochemical reactivity tests. Since not all facilities use identical techniques in routine bacteriological examination, a considerable number of the S. milleri group could be missed in unknown species of alpha-,beta-, and gamma-streptococci and culture-negative cases. With antibiotics now being used widely, normal flora such as the S. milleri group may have become an important pathogen in head and neck infections due to an imbalance between organisms and host defense.
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PMID:[Clinical relevance of the Streptococcus milleri group in head and neck infections]. 1185 84

Air pollution in all its forms, including sulfur dioxide, ozone, fine particles, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, has resulted in human deaths and diseases worldwide. This article reports on the human suffering caused by air pollution in terms of mortality and morbidity. Based on interviews with scientists, health experts and victims, it is noted that the cities of Thailand, Mexico, Japan, Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and the US have the highest levels of air pollution. In these areas people suffer from respiratory illnesses such as pharyngitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, asthma, flu, and loss of lung function. A most alarming finding indicates that residents of Los Angeles exposed to ozone pollution have double the risk of cancer compared to residents of cleaner cities. Aggravating this situation is the fact that governments often opt to sacrifice human health and lives when forced to choose between protecting the public and shielding industry from pollution regulations.
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PMID:Poisons in the air. 1232 55

The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is high in the oropharyngeal mucosal regions, of which the tonsil is the most commonly affected. There may be a link between HPV and the pathogenesis of tonsillar cancer (TC), because of common anatomical characteristics between cervical and tonsillar cancer. We aimed to clarify whether HPV directly affects the oncogenesis and biologic behavior of TC by making a comparison between infection prevalence, physical status and viral loading numbers, and clinicopathologic prognostic factors. To compare HPV-related molecules between TC and tonsillitis (CFT), p16, survivin, HIF-1alpha, skp-1, cyclin A, cyclin B1, c-myc and EGFR were investigated. We observed a significant difference in HPV prevalence between 52 TCs and 69 CFTs (73.1% vs. 11.6%), and most of the HPVs were type 16 (87.2%) and nonepisomal (94.1%). Most TCs associated with HPV arose from the tonsillar crypts, and tended to be inverted and poorly differentiated. Compared with HPV-negative TC, HPV-positive TC showed a strong association with p16 overexpression (p<0.0001), and an inverse association with EGFR amplification (p=0.0478). HPV-16 integration status was strongly associated with c-myc amplification (p=0.034) and HIF-1alpha overexpression (p=0.022). HPV-16 integration could be directly related to tonsillar carcinogenesis initially in tonsillar crypts, followed by cell cycle aberration such as p16 overexpression related to the G1-S phase.
Int J Cancer 2007 Apr 01
PMID:HPV integration begins in the tonsillar crypt and leads to the alteration of p16, EGFR and c-myc during tumor formation. 1720 28

Many patients who present with otalgia have a normal otological examination, and a distant source of pain must be considered. The ear receives an extensive sensory innervation arising from six nerve roots. Many other structures in the head, neck and thorax share a common neuronal pathway with the ear, and these tissues represent the possible sites of disease in the cases of referred otalgia. Consequently, the differential diagnosis is extensive and varied. Making an accurate diagnosis relies on an understanding of the complex distribution of nerve fibres and a structured approach to patient assessment. This article aims to classify the aetiology of referred otalgia and to outline current treatments for these conditions. The origins of referred otalgia may be as remote as the cranial cavity and thorax; however, dental disease, tonsillitis, temporomandibular joint disorders and cervical spine pathology represent the most frequent causes. Ear pain may also be the first sign of a head and neck malignancy. Patients complaining of otalgia, with risk factors for an aerodigestive neoplasm, and a normal ENT examination require an urgent otolaryngological opinion.
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PMID:Referred otalgia: a structured approach to diagnosis and treatment. 1750 63

For several hundred years, Patrinia heterophylla has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for abscesses, hepatitis, tonsillitis, ulcers, etc. Recent research suggests that it may also have some anti-cancer activity. We have extracted five pure compounds from this plant; two known flavonols without bio-activity, one known isocoumarin glucoside that exhibits some cytotoxic activity toward HeLa cervical cancer cells, and two novel compounds that show considerable cytotoxic activity toward HeLa cells.
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PMID:Structure elucidation of compounds extracted from the Chinese medicinal plant Patrinia heterophylla. 1761 94

Sore throat is most commonly caused by viruses, but when caused by bacteria, the most important is group A streptococcus (GAS). The aim of these guidelines is to determine optimal treatment for streptococcal sore throat and reasonable indications for tonsillectomy, as well as recommend how to differentiate streptococcal infection for which antibiotics are justified, from numerous other sore throats where antibiotics wont have a significant effect on disease course, but might contribute to bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The development of the guidelines was initiated by the Interdisciplinary Section for Antibiotic Resistance Control (ISKRA) of the Croatian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare in accordance with the principles of AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation) methodology which means that the guidelines are the result of consensus between all interested professional societies and institutions. For streptococcal sore throat diagnostics, the Working Group recommends evaluation of clinical presentation according to Centor criteria and for patients with Centor score 0-1, antibiotic therapy is not recommended nor bacteriological testing, while for patients with Centor score 2-4 bacteriological testing is recommended (rapid test or culture) as well as antibiotic therapy in case of positive result. The drug of choice for the treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis is oral penicillin taken for ten days (penicillin V) or in case of poor patient compliance benzathine penicillin G can be administered parenterally in a single dose. Other antibiotics (macrolides, clindamycin, cephalosporins, co-amoxiclav) are administered only in case of hypersensitivity to penicillin or in recurrent infections. Tonsillectomy is a widely accepted surgical procedure that decreases the number of sore throats in children and should be performed only if indications for this procedure are established. Absolute indications include five or more streptococcal infections per year, tonsillitis complications, permanent respiratory tract obstruction, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and suspected tonsillar malignancy. Relative indications include chronic tonsillitis and occlusion disturbances.
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PMID:[ISKRA guidelines on sore throat: diagnostic and therapeutic approach--Croatian national guidelines]. 1976 78

It has been debated whether the reported increased risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) after tonsillectomy could be due to some underlying factor rather than the surgery itself. We studied whether not only tonsillectomy but also tonsillitis was associated with HL. This nationwide cohort study included all Danish residents during 1977-2001. Information on a diagnosis of tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, or HL was obtained from national registries. During 124 million person-years we observed 2,988 HL patients of whom 58 were tonsillectomized (most with preceding tonsillitis) and 14 were diagnosed with only tonsillitis at more than 1 year before HL diagnosis. Tonsillectomy was associated with a significantly increased HL risk in persons under 15 years of age as follows: 1-4 years after tonsillectomy, relative risk (RR) = 3.9 [95% CI: 1.4-11; n = 4]; >5 years after tonsillectomy, RR = 3.5 [1.4-8.5; n = 5]. No young cases of HL occurred among persons diagnosed with only tonsillitis. In contrast, 1-4 years after a hospital diagnosis of tonsillitis without subsequent tonsillectomy we found an increased HL risk in persons aged 15 years or above as follows: 15-34 years of age at HL diagnosis, RR = 3.5 [1.6-7.7; n = 6]; 35+ years, RR = 5.9 [2.2-16; n = 4]. Age at tonsillitis or tonsillectomy did not modify HL risk within the 3 age strata. An increased HL risk was found both after tonsillectomy and after an isolated diagnosis of tonsillitis. These results suggest that tonsillitis is a risk factor for HL and not that, as previously reported, only the surgical removal of tonsils is a risk factor.
Int J Cancer 2010 Aug 01
PMID:Tonsillitis, tonsillectomy and Hodgkin's lymphoma. 1983 50

Spontaneous tonsillar hemorrhage from infectious causes is extremely rare and post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage, although also relatively rare, is an unavoidable complication of the procedure. Hemorrhage in association with tonsillitis or tonsillectomy is potentially dangerous and can be life threatening. We report here the presentation and management of a 42-yr-old man with severe spontaneous hemorrhage from infected tonsils and post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. We suggest that if attempts to control the bleeding are not successful or if severe spontaneous tonsillar hemorrhage occurs repeatedly or a malignancy is suspected, tonsillectomy and close postoperative follow up is recommended.
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PMID:Spontaneous tonsillar hemorrhage and post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. 2037 5


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