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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chronic consumption of diets high in fat leads to obesity and can negatively affect brain function. Rodents made obese by long-term maintenance on a high-fat diet have worse outcome after experimental stroke. High-fat consumption for only three days does not induce obesity but has rapid effects on the brain including memory impairment. However, the effect of brief periods of high-fat feeding or high-fat consumption in the absence of obesity on stroke is unknown. We therefore tested the effect of an acute period of high-fat feeding (three days) in C57B/6 mice on outcome after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). In contrast to a chronic high-fat diet (7.5 months), an acute high-fat diet had no effect on body weight, adipose tissue, lipid profile or inflammatory markers (in periphery and the brain). Three days of high-fat feeding impaired glucose tolerance, increased plasma glucose and insulin and brain expression of the glucose transporter GLUT-1. Ischaemic damage was increased (48%) in mice fed an acute high-fat diet, and was associated with a further reduction in GLUT-1 in the ischaemic hemisphere. These data demonstrate that only a brief period of high-fat consumption has a negative effect on glucose homeostasis and worsens outcome after ischaemic stroke.
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PMID:Acute high-fat feeding leads to disruptions in glucose homeostasis and worsens stroke outcome. 2917 75

The mitochondrial cytopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by heteroplasmic maternal transmission and selective dysfunction of tissues and organs highly dependent on aerobic respiration (eg, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and brain). Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is a specific subtype of mitochondrial cytopathy that is commonly associated with mood disturbances in individuals who survive until adulthood. Because of the altered cellular metabolism inherent in MELAS, it is often difficult to determine drug dosing, drug choice, and treatment response in patients with this rare disease. Historically, management of these patients focused on symptomatic relief and supplementation of compounds thought to optimize aerobic respiration (specifically, enzyme Co-Q10). We report a case in which an adult patient with MELAS and comorbid major depressive disorder demonstrated excellent response to the selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor medication duloxetine.
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PMID:Treatment of Depression With Duloxetine in Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes. 2959 18

Restoration of cerebral blood flow is the most important step in preventing irreversible damage to hypoperfused brain cells after ischemic stroke from large-vessel occlusion. For those patients who do not respond to (or are not eligible for) intravenous thrombolysis, endovascular therapy has become standard of care. A shift is currently taking place from rigid time windows for intervention (time is brain) to physiology-driven paradigms that rely heavily on neuroimaging. At this time, one can reasonably anticipate that more patients will be treated, and that outcomes will keep improving. This article discusses in detail recent advances in endovascular stroke therapy.
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PMID:Neuro-Interventional Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. 3032 98

Among mammals, there is a positive correlation between serum uric acid (UA) levels and life span. Humans have high levels of UA because they lack a functional urate oxidase (UOX) enzyme that is present in shorter lived mammals. Here, we show that male and female mice with UOX haploinsufficiency exhibit an age-related elevation of UA levels, and that the life span of female but not male UOX+/- mice is significantly increased compared to wild-type mice. Serum UA levels are elevated in response to treadmill exercise in UOX+/- mice, but not wild-type mice, and the endurance of the UOX+/- mice is significantly greater than wild-type mice. UOX+/- mice exhibit elevated levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, reduced brain damage and improved functional outcome in a model of focal ischemic stroke. Levels of oxidative protein nitration and lipid peroxidation are reduced in muscle and brain tissues of UOX+/- mice under conditions of metabolic and oxidative stress (running in the case of muscle and ischemia in the case of the brain), consistent with prior evidence that UA can scavenge peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. Our findings reveal roles for UA in life span determination, endurance and adaptive responses to brain injury, and suggest novel approaches for protecting cells against injury and for optimizing physical performance.
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PMID:Uric acid enhances longevity and endurance and protects the brain against ischemia. 3057 85

Diabetes is an independent risk factor for stroke disease. Fasting during Ramadan, Muslims must abstain from eating, drinking, taking oral medications, and smoking from the exact time of dawn until time of sunset; in this study we investigated if there is impact of Ramadan Fasting on incidence of Cerebrovascular stroke among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. This cross sectional study was conducted in medical ICU of Zagazig University Hospitals, in months of Sha'ban, Ramadan and Shawwal, in 1436; total numbers of 220 patients diagnosed as cerebrovascular stroke were enrolled in. All of them were subjected to: full history taking and clinical examination, routine investigations and special investigations (CT brain & MRI brain). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in total frequency of Cerebrovascular stroke (ischemic, hemorrhagic) between patients with diabetes admitted during the month of Ramadan and other months before or after. However, during Ramadan, there was numerical but statistically not significant increase in number of patients with ischemic stroke than hemorrhagic stroke. CONCLUSION: Fasting during Ramadan does not increase the frequency of hospitalization for stroke as whole. Although; there is numerical increase in frequency of ischemic stroke than hemorrhagic stroke.
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PMID:Effect of Ramadan fasting on incidence of cerebrovascular stroke in Egyptian patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 3090 73

Purpose Reorganization of language networks in aphasia takes advantage of the facts that (a) the brain is an organ of plasticity, with neuronal changes occurring throughout the life span, including following brain damage; (b) plasticity is highly experience dependent; and (c) as with any learning system, language reorganization involves a synergistic interplay between organism-intrinsic (i.e., cognitive and brain) and organism-extrinsic (i.e., environmental) variables. A major goal for clinical treatment of aphasia is to be able to prescribe treatment and predict its outcome based on the neurocognitive deficit profiles of individual patients. This review article summarizes the results of research examining the neurocognitive effects of psycholinguistically based treatment (i.e., Treatment of Underlying Forms; Thompson & Shapiro, 2005) for sentence processing impairments in individuals with chronic agrammatic aphasia resulting from stroke and primary progressive aphasia and addresses both behavioral and brain variables related to successful treatment outcomes. The influences of lesion volume and location, perfusion (blood flow), and resting-state neural activity on language recovery are also discussed as related to recovery of agrammatism and other language impairments. Based on these and other data, principles for promoting neuroplasticity of language networks are presented. Conclusions Sentence processing treatment results in improved comprehension and production of complex syntactic structures in chronic agrammatism and generalization to less complex, linguistically related structures in chronic agrammatism. Patients also show treatment-induced shifts toward normal-like online sentence processing routines (based on eye movement data) and changes in neural recruitment patterns (based on functional neuroimaging), with posttreatment activation of regions overlapping with those within sentence processing and dorsal attention networks engaged by neurotypical adults performing the same task. These findings provide compelling evidence that treatment focused on principles of neuroplasticity promotes neurocognitive recovery in chronic agrammatic aphasia. Presentation Videohttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.10257587.
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PMID:Neurocognitive Recovery of Sentence Processing in Aphasia. 3175 51

Abnormal tumor hemodynamics are a critical determinant of a tumor's microenvironment (TME), and profoundly affect drug delivery, therapeutic efficacy and the emergence of drug and radio-resistance. Since multiple hemodynamic variables can simultaneously exhibit transient and spatiotemporally heterogeneous behavior, there is an exigent need for analysis tools that employ multiple variables to characterize the anomalous hemodynamics within the TME. To address this, we developed a new toolkit called HemoSYS for quantifying the hemodynamic landscape within angiogenic microenvironments. It employs multivariable time-series data such as in vivo tumor blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV) and intravascular oxygen saturation (Hbsat) acquired concurrently using a wide-field multicontrast optical imaging system. The HemoSYS toolkit consists of propagation, clustering, coupling, perturbation and Fourier analysis modules. We demonstrate the utility of each module for characterizing the in vivo hemodynamic landscape of an orthotropic breast cancer model. With HemoSYS, we successfully described: (i) the propagation dynamics of acute hypoxia; (ii) the initiation and dissolution of distinct hemodynamic niches; (iii) tumor blood flow regulation via local vasomotion; (iv) the hemodynamic response to a systemic perturbation with carbogen gas; and (v) frequency domain analysis of hemodynamic heterogeneity in the TME. HemoSYS (freely downloadable via the internet) enables vascular phenotyping from multicontrast in vivo optical imaging data. Its modular design also enables characterization of non-tumor hemodynamics (e.g. brain), other preclinical disease models (e.g. stroke), vascular-targeted therapeutics, and hemodynamic data from other imaging modalities (e.g. MRI).
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PMID:HemoSYS: A Toolkit for Image-based Systems Biology of Tumor Hemodynamics. 3204 71

Despite the remarkable advances in behavioral and brain sciences over the last decades, the mind-body (brain) problem is still an open debate and one of the most intriguing questions for both cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of mind. Traditional approaches have conceived this problem in terms of a contrast between physicalist monism and Cartesian dualism. However, since the late sixties, the landscape of philosophical views on the problem has become more varied and complex. The Multiple Realization Thesis (MRT) claims that mental properties can be (or are) realized, and mental processes can be (or are) implemented by neural correlates of different kinds. Thus, MRT challenges the psychoneural type-identity theory and the corresponding reductionism. Many philosophers have acknowledged the a priori plausibility of MRT. However, the existence of empirical evidence in favor of intraspecific, human multiple realizations of mental processes and properties is still controversial. Here, we illustrate some cases that provide empirical evidence in support of MRT. Recently, it has been proposed that foveal agnosic vision, like peripheral vision, can be restored by increasing object parts' spacing (Crutch and Warrington, 2007; Strappini et al., 2017b). Agnosic fovea and normal periphery are both limited by crowding, which impairs object recognition, and provides the signature of visual integration. Here, we define a psychological property of restored object identification, and we cross-reference the data of visually impaired patients with different etiologies. In particular, we compare the data of two stroke patients, two patients with posterior cortical atrophy, six cases of strabismic amblyopia, and one case with restored sight. We also compare these patients with unimpaired subjects tested in the periphery. We show that integration (i.e., restored recognition) seems to describe quite accurately the visual performance in all these cases. Whereas the patients have different etiologies and different neural correlates, the unimpaired subjects have no neural damage. Thus, similarity in the psychological property given the differences in the neural substrate can be interpreted in relation to MRT and provide evidence in its support. Finally, we will frame our contribution within the current debate concerning MRT providing new and compelling empirical evidence.
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PMID:Empirical Evidence for Intraspecific Multiple Realization? 3279 53

Imaging of small laboratory animals in clinical MRI scanners is feasible but challenging. Compared with dedicated preclinical systems, clinical scanners have relatively low B0 field (1.5-3.0 T) and gradient strength (40-60 mT/m). This work explored the use of wireless inductively coupled coils (ICCs) combined with appropriate pulse sequence parameters to overcome these two drawbacks, with a special emphasis on the optimization of the coil passive detuning circuit for this application. A Bengal rose photothrombotic stroke model was used to induce cortical infarction in rats and mice. Animals were imaged in a 3T scanner using T2 and T1-weighted sequences. In all animals, the ICCs allowed acquisition of high-quality images of the infarcted brain at acute and chronic stages. Images obtained with the ICCs showed a substantial increase in SNR compared to clinical coils (by factors of 6 in the rat brain and 16-17 in the mouse brain), and the absence of wires made the animal preparation workflow straightforward.
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PMID:Imaging of Stroke in Rodents Using a Clinical Scanner and Inductively Coupled Specially Designed Receiver Coils. 3291 4


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