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A case of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage with associated haemorrhagic infarction of a growth hormone secreting pituitary macroadenoma is presented. The subarachnoid haemorrhage was not identifiable on CT, but was apparent on MRI. Angiography revealed a 7mm right posterior communicating aneurysm, a 3mm left A1 segment anterior cerebral aneurysm, and vasospasm. Surgery was performed through a right pterional/subfrontal approach, clipping both aneurysms and debulking the tumour. The left A1 aneurysm was the site of subarachnoid haemorrhage. There was evidence of haemorrhagic infarction of the pituitary tumour. Although rupture of an aneurysm into a pituitary tumour has been previously reported, this is the first case reported of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage with coexisting pituitary apoplexy where the aneurysm had not bled directly into the pituitary tumour. The literature regarding the association between pituitary tumours and aneurysm is reviewed.
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PMID:Coexistence of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and pituitary apoplexy: Case report and review of the literature. 1285 91

Although infrequent, recovery of pituitary function after necrosis of a pituitary adenoma is not an exceptional event. We report the case of a 32-year-old woman with previous surgery for an adrenal mass and signs of hypercortisolism which failed to revert postoperatively. She then developed pituitary apoplexy followed by hypopituitarism, as confirmed by hormonal measurements. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed evidence of a pituitary macroadenoma with signs of necrosis, impinging on the optic chiasm, which was excised by the trans-sphenoidal approach. Nine months later, hormone tests indicated a near total recovery of pituitary functions. The patient had a successful pregnancy three years later. After a 5-year follow-up, she remained clinically asymptomatic, with moderate reduction in cortisol and blunted growth hormone (GH) response to hypoglycemia and MRI failed to disclose any residual tumor, except for a partial arachnoidocele.
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PMID:[Pregnancy after spontaneous necrosis of a pituitary macroadenoma]. 1451 45

There have been several reports describing the cases of acromegaly, which show reduction in size of tumor in due to pituitary apoplexy or lymphocytic hypophysitis. We have encountered a patient of acromegaly, who developed panhypopituitarism after suffering from meningitis and showed the reduction of tumor in size. The results of imaging examination suggested the presence of pituitary apoplexy and lymphocytic hypophysitis. The patient was a 27-year-old woman, who visited a local physician with complains of headache and fever. After performing lumbar puncture, she was diagnosed as viral meningitis, and conservative therapy was initiated. The results of biochemical test of blood revealed hyponatremia. Because facial appearance of the patient was similar to that of acromegaly, endocrine dysfunction was suspected. The result of pituitary hormone tests showed high levels of growth hormone (GH) and somatomedin C (IGF-1) and low levels of the other hormones. At the same time, sign of diabetes insipidus was noted, and the patient was referred to our hospital. In the examination at the admission, GH and IGF-1 showed the trends to decrease, and the reduction in size of tumor was also detected. From the results of imaging examination, pituitary apoplexy and lymphocytic hypophysitis were suspected. Operation was performed, and pathological examination revealed inflammation of pituitary adenoma.
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PMID:[Spontaneous remission of acromegaly after meningitis: a case report]. 1472 37

Turner syndrome is a condition usually associated with reduced final height, gonadal dysgenesis, and thus insufficient circulating levels of female sex steroids, and infertility. A number of other signs and symptoms are seen more frequently with the syndrome. With respect to cardiac function, congenital malformations of the heart and the great vessels, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, and increased risk of aortic dissection are all conditions that the pediatrician or the physician caring for females with Turner syndrome should keep in mind. Many girls and adolescents with Turner syndrome receive growth hormone (GH) treatment, which has so far been an effective and well-tolerated therapy. Nevertheless, because of the experience from acromegaly, the physician should monitor blood pressure and perform echocardiography, together with clinical examinations by a cardiologist at regular intervals. During adulthood most women with Turner syndrome are faced with premature menopause and the need for female hormone replacement therapy (HRT). During clinical evaluation of girls and women with Turner syndrome, these conditions and complications should be kept under surveillance. Here the cardiovascular complications of Turner syndrome are reviewed. The risk of congenital heart defects such as bicuspid aortic valves, aortic coarctation, other valve abnormalities, and septal defect is increased. Likewise, the risk of aortic dissection at a young age is increased, as is the risk of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and stroke. GH therapy does not seem to adversely affect the heart, although longer-term follow-up studies are needed. In short-term studies, HRT lowers blood pressure, while any effect on the risk of ischemic heart disease has not been evaluated. Treatment with GH and HRT are discussed in relation to the heart and great vessels. Presently, the pathophysiology of the congenital cardiovascular malformation in Turner syndrome is unexplained, although different theories exist. Recommendations for clinical practice are given, including life-long surveillance of cardiac function, aortic diameter and blood pressure.
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PMID:Turner syndrome and the heart: cardiovascular complications and treatment strategies. 1472 55

A variety of surgical treatments for intractable epilepsy with hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) are described, although most are derived from limited patient experience gathered from several centres. We describe the results of transcallosal resection of HH in 29 consecutive patients undergoing surgery at one centre. Twenty-nine patients aged 4-23 years (mean 10 years) underwent HH surgery with a minimum of 12 months follow-up. A comprehensive, presurgical epilepsy evaluation, supplemented with endocrine and ophthalmological assessments was performed in all cases. HH were resected via a transcallosal, interforniceal approach to the third ventricle, with the assistance of frameless stereotaxy, limiting the resection to the margins of the third ventricular walls and floor and minimising traction and diathermy. Complete or near-complete (>95%) resection of the HH was achieved in 18/29 patients, 75-95% resection was achieved in seven patients (four of whom had complete or near-complete disconnection of residual HH) and less than 50% resection was achieved in four. Postoperatively (follow-up 12-70 months, mean 30 months), 15 became seizure-free (nine off antiepileptic medication), seven had >90% reduction in seizure frequency, three had 55-80% reduction in seizure frequency, and four had less than 40% reduction in seizure frequency. Of 16 patients who had seizures in the early postoperative period, six became seizure. No patient or lesion characteristics were associated with postoperative seizure freedom, including features of symptomatic generalised epilepsy. Neurobehavioural improvement and resolution of EEG abnormalities were seen in the majority. Complications were transient hemiparesis in two, transient hypernatraemia in 17, short-term memory impairment in 14 (persistent in four), weight gain in ten (persistent in five), need for supplemental thyroxine in five, and lowered growth hormone (uncertain clinical significance) in six. Transcallosal resection of HH is an effective treatment for intractable epilepsy, with 76% patients in our seizures being seizure-free or having >90% seizure reduction. The operative risks include stroke, short-term memory disturbance, weight gain and minor endocrine disturbances. Based on published data, the transcallosal approach appears to be safer and more effective than other operative strategies.
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PMID:Transcallosal resection of hypothalamic hamartomas in patients with intractable epilepsy. 1497 95

Normal ageing is associated with a decline in spontaneous growth hormone (GH) secretion, and although elderly hypopituitary adults demonstrate an increase in total and central fat compared with age-matched controls and are distinguishable from control subjects in terms of GH responsiveness on dynamic testing, there are few data available on the response to GH replacement in older subjects. We have studied the baseline characteristics of 295 patients (173 males and 122 females) aged >65 years of age who began GH replacement therapy at the time of entry into the KIMS program (Pfizer International Metabolic Database) and the effects of GH replacement in 125 patients who completed at least 12 months of GH replacement therapy. Data were compared with those of 2469 (1249 males and 1220 females) patients aged <65 years with adult-onset GH deficiency (GHD). The patients were selected using strict criteria in accordance with the recommendations from the Growth Hormone Research Society. There was a higher proportion of pituitary adenoma relative to craniopharyngioma in the older age group (P<0.001), but there was no difference between groups in the degree of hypopituitarism (number of additional hormone deficiencies). Blood pressure, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were positively correlated with age, and older patients had a predictably higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, stroke and history of hypertension. Quality of life (Assessment of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults (AGHDA) score) was impaired in both groups before the start of GH therapy. GH replacement doses were lower in older patients with GHD as compared with patients <65 years old. After 12 months of GH replacement, significant improvements were evident in waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, lean body mass, diastolic blood pressure, total and LDL cholesterol levels and AGHDA scores in patients aged <65 years. Similar significant reductions were evidenced in patients >65 years old compared with those observed in younger patients. The total number of adverse events was similar in younger and older patients with GHD. However, younger patients had more fluid retention-related adverse events such as headache, oedema and arthralgia; whereas, older patients with GHD had more adverse events related to glucose metabolism, cardiovascular events and neoplasms. These data indicate a positive benefit from GH replacement in older patients with hypopituitarism - particularly in relation to quality of life - using a lower dose of GH for replacement and with appropriate age-related safety controls.
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PMID:Aspects of growth hormone deficiency and replacement in elderly hypopituitary adults. 1513 78

Changes in serum homocysteine (Hcy), often related to stroke and vascular dementia, are negatively correlated with changes in serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone (GH) replacement decreases Hcy levels in men with GH deficiency. Very little information on the effects of Chinese medicines on GH and Hcy is available in the literature published in English. In this study, the effects of a Chinese medicine suppository, Vigconic VI-28 (VI-28), consisting of concentrated extracts of a composite mixture of herbal materials, on serum IGF-1 and Hcy were studied. In vivo observations after treatment with Chinese medicines have often indicated changes in biochemical profiles of measurable parameters related to those changes in endocrine secretions. Thirty six healthy males (age 47-66) were under observation over a 16-week schedule after using VI-28 suppository from 0 to 12 weeks. Blood specimens were taken monthly (except at the end of week 8) for analysis of Hcy and IGF-1 levels. Compared with week 0, IGF-1 levels (192.5 +/- 66.4 ng/ml) were significantly elevated at week 4 (211.7 +/- 80.5, p < 0.05) and week 12 (226.6 +/- 95.2 ng/ml, p = 0.01). No significant changes were observed for Hcy for the whole cohort from week 0 to week 16. When the cohort was divided into 2 groups using a Hcy level of 13.0 micro mol/l as the cut-off, a significant (p < 0.05) difference in IGF-1 was observed between the 2 groups at week 12 only. The mean IGF-1 of 14 subjects with higher Hcy levels was lower than that of the 22 subjects with lower Hcy. We believe that VI-28 may exert a regulatory effect on the relationship between Hcy and IGF-1, at least in subjects with relatively low levels of Hcy. In addition, we also observed an apparent association of hyperhomocysteinemia (Hcy> or =13.0 micromol/l) with decreased IGF-1.
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PMID:A panel study on the effects of a Chinese medicinal suppository, Vigconic VI-28, on insulin-like growth factor 1 and homocysteine in healthy men. 1531 14

Pituitary apoplexy is an ill-defined clinical entity. Some authors include hypoxic pituitary infarction, even in the absence of tumor after hemorrhagic delivery, whereas others apply this term strictly to hemorrhage within a pituitary adenoma. We conducted the present study to establish the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcome of pituitary apoplexy, defined as an endocrine crisis characterized by acute intense headache, with or without altered consciousness, rapid development of visual or motor ocular disorders, and pituitary failure, associated with a large pituitary adenoma. We describe 8 consecutive patients (1 woman and 7 men, aged 29-66 yr) presenting over 12 months with pituitary apoplexy. We reviewed patient charts for symptoms, imaging characteristics, hormonal data, management, pathologic findings, and outcome. We examined our pituitary tumors database for cases of macroadenoma without apoplexy occurring during the same period. In 5 patients, potential precipitating factors were present. In 6 patients (3 nonsecreting tumors, 1 free-alpha-subunit-secreting tumor, 1 growth hormone and prolactin-secreting tumor with acromegaly, and 1 prolactinoma), no pituitary disease was suspected before the acute event, representing 19% of newly diagnosed pituitary macroadenomas during the same period of time, a higher proportion than expected from our previously published series. The 2 other patients had known pituitary macroadenomas, a nonsecreting tumor and a prolactinoma on dopamine agonist therapy. Pituitary insufficiency at diagnosis included adrenal failure in 4 patients. Transsphenoidal tumor removal was performed 3-9 days after the onset of symptoms (mean, 5.3 d) in 7 of the 8 patients. Pathologic analysis disclosed tumor hemorrhage in 4 cases, ischemic necrosis in 2, and ischemia after intrasellar hemorrhage in 1. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging was more sensitive than computed tomography for identifying hemorrhage. The newly diagnosed prolactinoma was treated with dopamine agonist. Complete neuro-ophthalmic recovery was observed in all cases, but only 2 patients displayed normal pituitary function on follow-up. The other 6 patients required long-term hormone replacement therapy. These data show that early surgical decompression prevents persistent neuro-ophthalmic deficit, but does not prevent persistent pituitary insufficiency. Moreover, published data indicate that the efficacy of surgery for the relief of neuro-ophthalmic symptoms decreases with increasing syndrome duration. Our data confirm that apoplexy occurs most often as the inaugural manifestation of pituitary macroadenoma, and suggest a recent increase of cases of apoplexy in our area.
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PMID:Apoplexy in pituitary macroadenoma: eight patients presenting in 12 months. 1587 8

We investigated the hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise (STLIRE) with the reduction of muscle blood flow. Eleven untrained men performed bilateral leg extension exercise under the reduction of muscle blood flow of the proximal end of both legs pressure-applied by a specially designed belt (a banding pressure of 1.3 times higher than resting systolic blood pressure, 160-180 mmHg), named as Kaatsu. The intensity of STLIRE was 20% of one repetition maximum. The subjects performed 30 repetitions, and after a 20-seconds rest, they performed three sets again until exhaustion. The superficial femoral arterial blood flow and hemodynamic parameters were measured by using the ultrasound and impedance cardiography. Serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), noradrenaline (NE), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, ghrelin, and lactate were also measured. Under the conditions with Kaatsu, the arterial flow was reduced to about 30% of the control. STLIRE with Kaatsu significantly increased GH (0.11+/-0.03 to 8.6+/-1.1 ng/ml, P < 0.01), IGF-1 (210+/-40 to 236+/-56 ng/ml, P < 0.01), and VEGF (41+/-13 to 103+/-38 pg/ml, P < 0.05). The increase in GH was related to neither NE nor lactate, but the increase in VEGF was related to that in lactate (r = 0.57, P < 0.05). Ghrelin did not change during the exercise. The maximal heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) in STLIRE with Kaatsu were higher than that without Kaatsu. Stroke volume (SV) was lower due to the decrease of the venous return by Kaatsu, but, total peripheral resistance (TPR) did not change significantly. These results suggest that STLIRE with Kaatsu significantly stimulates the exercise-induced GH, IGF, and VEGF responses with the reduction of cardiac preload during exercise, which may become a unique method for rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
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PMID:Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow. 1595 98

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play pivotal roles in regulating the function and plasticity of neuronal circuits in the nervous system. Among the myriad of GPCRs expressed in neural cells, class II GPCRs which couples predominantly to the Gs-adenylate cyclase-cAMP signaling pathway, have recently received considerable attention for their involvement in regulating neuronal survival. Neuropeptides that activate class II GPCRs include secretin, glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1 and GLP-2), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin-related peptides. Studies of patients and animal and cell culture models, have revealed possible roles for class II GPCRs signaling in the pathogenesis of several prominent neurodegenerative conditions including stroke, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Many of the peptides that activate class II GPCRs promote neuron survival by increasing the resistance of the cells to oxidative, metabolic, and excitotoxic injury. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which class II GPCRs signaling modulates neuronal survival and plasticity will likely lead to novel therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative disorders.
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PMID:Class II G protein-coupled receptors and their ligands in neuronal function and protection. 1605 36


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