Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Echovirus 11 in the presence of fetal calf serum was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 s. At the end of such exposure times, skim milk neutralized disinfectant activity and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The six disinfectants studied were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene, and Sonacide. Although 0.25% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 95% (v/v) ethanol were equally virucidal and significantly more so than the other four disinfectants, causing 10(6) reduction in 20 s, they may not be practical to use in many instances. Javex at a dilution of 1/50 (1200 parts/10(6) chlorine) proved to be virucidal causing 10(3.5) reduction of echovirus 11 in 30 s. Wescodyne (1/50) and undiluted Sonacide were relatively ineffective causing 10 reduction or less of echovirus 11 in 30 s. One Stroke Ves-Phene (1/50) was ineffective causing no significant inactivation in 30 s.
 ...
PMID:The relative effectiveness of commonly used disinfectants in inactivation of echovirus 11. 9 74

Coxsackievirus B5 in the presence of fetal calf serum was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 s. At the end of exposure times skim milk neutralized the disinfectant activity, with residual virus assayed by the plaque technique. The six disinfectants considered were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene and Sonacide. Although 95% (v/v) ethanol was significantly more virucidal than dilutions of the other five disinfectants tested causing a 10(6) reduction in 20 s, it may not be practical to use in many instances. Next to 95% (v/v) ethanol, 1/75 (800 parts/10(6) Javex, 0.25% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 1/200 Wescodyne were the most effective virucides. These disinfectants were equal in effectiveness causing a 10(5) reduction of coxsackievirus B5 in 30 s. Of these three disinfectants Javex is the most practical to use since sodium hydoroxide is caustic and Wescodyne is selective in its virucidal action. Undiluted Sonacide was a less effective virucide causing a less than 10-fold reduction of coxsackievirus B5 in 30 s. A 1/50 dilution of One Stroke Ves-Phene was the least effective virucide tested since it did not significantly inactivate coxsackievirus B5 in 30 s.
 ...
PMID:The relative effectiveness of commonly used disinfectants in inactivation of coxsackievirus B5. 21 74

f2 bacteriophage in the presence of fetal calf serum (at a final concentration of 10%) was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 sec. At the end of exposure times skim milk neutralized the disinfectant activity and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The 6 disinfectants considered were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene and Sonacide. A 0.25% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide and 1/50 Javex (1200 parts/10(6) chlorine) were the most effective of the six disinfectants considered since 10(5) f2 bacteriophage were inactivated in 30 seconds in each instance. Since a 0.25% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide had a pH of 12.5 this made it too caustic to use as a disinfectant in many practical situations. It was concluded therefore that Javex at some dilution less than 1/50 (greater than 1200 parts/10(6) chlorine) was the most practical of the six disinfectants to use. Ethanol (95%, v/v) inactivated 10(3) f2 bacteriophage in 30 seconds while 1/20 Wescodyne and undiluted Sonacide inactivated 10(1)-virus particles. Ves-Phene at a dilution of 1/50 was a completely ineffective virucide during the 30 sec exposure. The resistance of f2 bacteriophage to inactivation by these six disinfectants was compared with that of echovirus 11 and coxsackievirus B5. In all instances except exposure to undiluted Sonacide, f2 was comparable in resistance to inactivation and in many cases had greater resistance.
 ...
PMID:The relative resistance of f2 bacteriophage to inactivation by disinfectants. 45 39

The composition of exhaust emissions from two-stroke chain saw engines was studied. The emissions of exhaust were sampled and analyzed under controlled laboratory experiments. The compounds sampled were those considered primarily responsible for acute health effects--hydrocarbons, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Exposure to tetramethyllead, dibromoethane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons also was monitored. The results revealed no significant differences in the exhaust emissions from seven different chain saws. Heavily worn-out chain saws do not emit increased amounts of exhaust. A lean fuel-air mixture increases the emission of aldehydes and nitrogen oxides, whereas a rich mixture increases emission of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Based on these new data on the composition of two-stroke chain saw exhaust emissions, operator exposure to chain saw exhaust was evaluated under various logging situations. Exposure measurements revealed no difference in average levels of exposure between logging in the presence or in the absence of snow. The felling operation, however, results in high exposure levels of short duration--especially when the operation is performed while there is deep snow on the ground. (This operation excludes limbing and bucking into lengths.) This is judged to be the main cause of the discomfort experienced by loggers. Average exposure levels for loggers engaged only in felling are twice those for cutters who also perform limbing, bucking and manual skidding of the timber, since these latter operations involve considerably lower exposure. Typical average levels of exposure are as follows: hydrocarbons, 20 mg/m3; benzene, 0.6 mg/m3; formaldehyde, 0.1 mg/m3; and carbon monoxide, 20 mg/m3.
 ...
PMID:Occupational exposure to chain saw exhausts in logging operations. 356 74

Several compounds of the chemical class arylethanolamines have been shown to possess combined alpha- or vasodilator and beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties. The first drug was labetalol (AH5158)[5-(1-hydroxy-2)1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl(amino)-ethyl (salicylamide)]. Others include medroxalol, bucindolol and YM-09538, which differ from labetalol either by the nature of the substitution on the primary benzene ring and/or on the terminal nitrogen. All of these drugs are non-selective beta-blockers, except for bucindolol whose selectivity has not been carefully defined. The rationale for the development of this group of drugs was the knowledge that blockade of one adrenoceptor subtype causes reflex stimulation of the other, i.e. vasoconstriction after nonspecific beta-blockade and tachycardia after alpha-blockade. Since both of these compensatory responses act to prevent a fall in blood pressure, a relatively weak blockade of both receptor types should act synergistically to produce a lowering of blood pressure with minimal physiological disturbance. Haemodynamic studies have confirmed that the additional alpha-blocking properties of labetalol produce a pattern of haemodynamic changes unlike that of propranolol and other simple beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents. Peripheral vascular resistance, which falls acutely during the initial administration of the drug, tends to fall further during prolonged administration and the pulse rate tends to remain only slightly lower than pretreatment levels. In addition, at normal dose levels cardiac output is maintained by a compensatory increase in stroke volume. Thus, blood pressure is lowered largely by a reduction in vascular resistance, and although the heart rate falls significantly during exercise, the cardiac output is maintained by an increase in stroke volume. This pattern of events is different to that seen with beta-blocking agents which consistently reduce cardiac output during exercise. Currently labetalol is the only member of this group of drugs which is in established clinical use. Its antihypertensive efficacy has been confirmed in many studies and it has been shown to be effective in the management of both hypertensive emergencies and in the long term management of severe hypertension. It is particularly valuable in allowing a reduction in the number of drugs required for adequate blood pressure control. The early theoretical prediction that postural hypotension would occur with high doses is now acknowledged to be labetalol's major dose-limiting side effect. Most of the available pharmacokinetic data on labetalol were derived from studies which utilised a fluorimetric assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Pharmacology of combined alpha-beta-blockade. I. 615 89

Reovirus 3 in the presence of foetal bovine serum was exposed to six disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 sec. At the end of such exposure times the addition of skim milk terminated disinfectant activity, and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The six disinfectants considered were Javex (a sodium hypochlorite disinfectant), sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene, and Sonacide. Ethanol (95% v/v) and 1/75 Javex (800 ppm chlorine) were the most effective virucides. Both of these agents inactivated 10(5) plaque forming units (PFU) in 30 sec. Undiluted Sonacide, 0.25% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 1/200 Wescodyne each inactivated between 10(2) and 10(3) PFU in 30 sec. Javex at a dilution of 1/100 (600 ppm chlorine) was next in effectiveness, inactivating 10(1.5) PFU in 30 sec and was more effective than 1/50 Ves-Phene which inactivated 10(1) PFU in 30 sec. Ethanol in 70% (v/v) solution was totally ineffective in inactivating reovirus 3. Ethanol (95% v/v) after dilution in the test system was 76% (v/v) and ethanol (70% v/v) was really 56% (v/v).
 ...
PMID:The effectiveness of six disinfectants in inactivation of reovirus 3. 652 63

The purpose of the National Exposure Registry is to assess the long-term health consequences to a general population from long-term, low-level exposures to specific substances in the environment. This study investigates the health outcomes of 1,143 persons (1,127 living, 16 deceased) living in south central Texas who had documented environmental exposure to benzene (up to 66ppb) in tap water. As with all subregistries, face-to-face interviews were used to collect self-reported information for 25 general health status questions. Using computer-assisted telephone interviewing, the same health questions were asked 1 year (Followup 1, F1) and 2 years later (Followup 2, F2). The health outcome rates for Baseline and Followup 1 and 2 data collections for the Benzene Subregistry were compared with national norms, that is, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) rates. For at least one of the three reporting periods, specific age and sex groups of the Benzene Subregistry population reported more adverse health outcomes when compared with the NHIS population, including anemia and other blood disorders, ulcers, gall bladder trouble, and stomach or intestinal problems, stroke, urinary tract disorders, skin rashes, diabetes, kidney disease, and respiratory allergies. Statistically significant deficits for the Benzene Subregistry population overall were found for asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis; arthritis, rheumatism, or other joint disorders; hearing impairment; and speech impairment. No statistically significant differences between the two populations were seen for the outcomes hypertension; liver disease; mental retardation; or cancer. These results do not identify a causal relationship between benzene exposure and adverse health effects; however, they do reinforce the need for continued followup of registrants.
 ...
PMID:The National Exposure Registry: analyses of health outcomes from the benzene subregistry. 956 45

New halogen atom substituted 2,3-benzodiazepine derivatives condensed with an azole ring on the seven membered part of the ring system of type 3 and 4 as well as 5 and 6 were synthesized. It was found that chloro-, dichloro- and bromo-substitutions in the benzene ring and additionally imidazole ring condensation on the diazepine ring can successfully substitute the methylenedioxy group in the well known molecules GYKI 52466 (1) and GYKI 53773 (2) and the 3-acetyl-4-methyl structural feature in 2, respectively, preserving the highly active AMPA antagonist characteristic of the original molecules. From the most active compounds (3b,i) 3b (GYKI 47261) was chosen for detailed investigations. 3b revealed an excellent, broad spectrum anticonvulsant activity against seizures evoked by electroshock and different chemoconvulsive agents indicating a possible antiepileptic efficacy. 3b was found to be highly active in a transient model of focal ischemia predictive of a therapeutic value in human stroke. 3b also reversed the dopamine depleting effect of MPTP and antagonized the oxotremorine induced tremor in mice indicating a potential antiparkinson activity.
 ...
PMID:New non competitive AMPA antagonists. 1100 58

Because free radical mechanisms may contribute to brain injury in hemorrhagic stroke, the effect of the free radical trapping agent disodium 4-[(tert-butylimino)methyl]benzene-1,3-disulfonate N-oxide (NXY-059) was investigated on outcome following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rat. ICH was induced in 20 adult rats by infusion of collagenase into the caudate-putamen. Thirty minutes later rats were treated with NXY-059 (50 mg/kg subcutaneous plus 8.8 mg/kg/h for 3 days subcutaneous delivered via implanted osmotic pumps) or saline (equivalent volumes). Magnetic resonance imaging 24 h after ICH confirmed that the hemorrhage was uniform in the two groups, and subsequent imaging at 7 and 42 days post-ICH showed that the hematoma resolved similarly in the two groups. Behavioral testing on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after ICH showed that rats treated with NXY-059 had significantly decreased neurological impairment at all times. Deficits in skilled forelimb use 4-5 weeks post-ICH, and in striatal function 6 weeks post-ICH, were not reduced by treatment with NXY-059. Treatment with NXY-059 significantly reduced the neutrophil infiltrate observed 48 h post-hemorrhage in the vicinity of the hematoma, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells 48 h post-hemorrhage at the hematoma margin. However, by 6 weeks there were no differences in neuronal densities in treated and control rats.
 ...
PMID:Efficacy of disodium 4-[(tert-butylimino)methyl]benzene-1,3-disulfonate N-oxide (NXY-059), a free radical trapping agent, in a rat model of hemorrhagic stroke. 1116 36

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the US, with a prevalence of 750,000 patients per year, and a social cost estimated at $50 billion. Current therapeutics are targeted at restoring blood flow rather than on preventing the actual mechanisms associated with neuronal cell death. Here, we show that, following transient (2 h) middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in male, Wistar rats, neuronal damage determined using MAP-2 staining increased progressively after the tMCAO. Notably, such neuronal degeneration was first associated with a decrease in p-Akt in both the focus and penumbra of the infarct region and, later with an increase in cytosolic cytochrome C levels in cortical neurons in the infarct area. These findings implicate that Akt alterations and consequent release of cytochrome C are involved in neuronal death. To further address this issue, NXY-059 (disodium 4-[(tert.-butylimino)methyl]benzene-1,3-disulfonate N-oxide) administered i.v. (30 mg/kg bolus, followed by 30 mg/kg/h infusion for up to 24 h), commencing 1 h after reperfusion, not only prevented the increase in infarct area but also attenuated the postreperfusion increase in neuronal cytosolic cytochrome C and the postperfusion decrease in neuronal p-Akt. Thus, NXY-059, by preventing mitochondrial cytochrome C release by maintaining activation of the Akt pathway, appears to protect neurons from damage after ischemia.
 ...
PMID:NXY-059 maintains Akt activation and inhibits release of cytochrome C after focal cerebral ischemia. 1217 60


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>