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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Inpatients with stroke spend the vast majority of their time in non-therapeutic activities. Their engagement in more therapeutic time seems warranted on the basis of research on skill development and intensity of rehabilitation. Means of providing such time, although challenging, should be pursued and their benefits investigated.
Percept Mot Skills 2003 Aug
PMID:Time use by inpatients receiving neurorehabilitation. 1460 23

In comparative anatomical studies of the shoulder, the humeral retractors are often grouped together as propulsive muscles, which are important in the propulsive stroke of the forelimb during quadrupedal locomotion. Electromyographic (EMG) analyses of these muscles in opossums, cats, and dogs in general have confirmed such conclusions. An EMG study of chimpanzee shoulder muscles during knuckle-walking found, however, that the humeral retractors are either inactive or perform a function unrelated to propulsion (Larson & Stern, 1987). This contrast in muscle recruitment patterns between chimpanzees and more "typical" mammalian quadrupeds was attributed to the derived morphology of the chimpanzee shoulder. The present study examines the activity patterns of the humeral retractors in the vervet monkey, a primate more closely resembling nonprimate mammals in its shoulder morphology. The results of this EMG analysis show that despite the significant differences in anatomy between chimpanzees and vervets, the two species display very similar muscle recruitment patterns during quadrupedalism, and there is evidence for this same pattern in other species of primates. These differences in muscle activity patterns between primates and nonprimate mammals may be related to changes in the neurological control of locomotion in primates due to the evolutionary development of manipulative abilities in the primate forelimb.
J Mot Behav 1989 Dec
PMID:The role of propulsive muscles of the shoulder during quadrupedalism in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): implications for neural control of locomotion in primates. 1513 56

Simple measures are sometimes used to characterize weakness in the upper limb after stroke, but their reliability and validity remain uncertain. Here, we examined the adequacy of three measures relative to dynamometer measurements of 26 patients (15 women and 11 men, M age=70.1 +/- 11.7 yr.) with acute stroke. The strength of the involved upper limb was characterized using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: Motor Functions-Arm (drift test), the Stroke Impact Scale: Arm and Hand (self-report), and objective dynamometry. Correlations between the simple measures and dynamometry were significant (r(s)=.70-.87). However, none of the 8 patients who achieved the best NIH scale-Arm score (0: no drift) self-reported having "a lot of strength." Dynamometry indicated that the strength of these patients was less than 50% of that expected according to published norms. The three simple measures examined had convergent validity, but drift, as scored on the NIH scale, was not sensitive to mild or moderate weakness of the upper limb after stroke.
Percept Mot Skills 2004 Dec
PMID:Adequacy of simple measures for characterizing impairment in upper limb strength following stroke. 1564 75

This study investigated how 7 skilled table tennis players controlled velocity of a forehand drive stroke when the ball's trajectory, velocity, and spin were modified. They hit a target in response to balls launched under four different conditions. The relative and absolute times used in the backswing phase showed no significant differences among conditions. When subjects hit fastballs, there was a significant change in the time required for them to reach the peak of velocity in the forward swing phase. In addition, players decreased the velocity of their strokes to hit fast-approaching balls. These results indicate that highly skilled table tennis players need to adjust the striking velocity and striking time (relative and absolute) required to reach the peak of velocity in the forward swing phase for these task modifications. Since they used slower movement velocities to hit faster-approaching balls, skilled table tennis players may override this speed-coupling process.
Percept Mot Skills 2004 Dec
PMID:Control of striking velocity by table tennis players. 1564 4

The authors examined 13 skilled and 12 novice tennis performers' ability to use visual information of an opponent's movement pattern to anticipate and respond. In Experiment 1, skilled and novice players anticipated the type of stroke and the direction in which the ball was hit in a highly coupled perception-action environment. Both groups of players correctly anticipated at greater than chance levels. Skilled players were significantly more accurate than novices with live and video displays but not with point-light displays. In Experiment 2, the reaction latencies of 10 expert performers were significantly faster when they returned balls hit by a live opponent than when they returned balls projected from a cloaked ball machine. The findings indicate that experts are able to use movement-pattern information to determine shot selection and to use that information to significantly reduce their response delay times. The findings are discussed in terms of perception-action coupling in time-stress activities.
J Mot Behav 2005 Mar
PMID:The use of anticipatory visual cues by highly skilled tennis players. 1573 Sep 49

Auditory modeling has been an effective method of learning a new skill in laboratory settings; however, research examining the effectiveness of auditory modeling in a real world task is limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of auditory modeling on the learning of a swimming skill, specifically the butterfly stroke. Participants were 37 male college students enrolled in two swimming classes. The classes were randomly assigned as the control group, i.e., the standard swimming curriculum for the butterfly stroke including demonstration, verbal instructions, and practice, and the auditory modeling group, i.e., standard swimming curriculum for the butterfly stroke plus auditory modeling. Quantitative and qualitative analyses indicate that auditory modeling is an effective method for enhancing the learning of this real world motor skill.
Percept Mot Skills 2005 Jun
PMID:Influence of auditory modeling on learning a swimming skill. 1606 Apr 23

This study assessed how stroking in backstroke varies with performance status and sex. A total of 36 subjects were separated into two groups of 18 by sex and further divided into two subgroups of nine, faster and slower, based on velocity in the 100-m event. Stroking parameters and coordination indexes were measured at this 100-m pace. Index 1 characterizes the continuity between propulsive phases of each arm and Index 2, the simultaneity between the beginning of the pull of one arm and of the recovery of the other arm. It is shown that the entry-catch and clearing vary (p<.05) between men (4.5%+/-3.7 and 27.1%+/-9.0) and women (8.3%+/-8.5 and 20.0%+/-4.6). Index 1 indicates that women have a better continuity than men (7.4%+/-6.3 vs -10.7%+/-3.6; p<.05). Performance is mainly explained (p<.05) by the increase in the entry and catch (r=.58 for men and .75 for women) at the expense of clearing (respectively, r=-.70 and -.53, p<.05). For men, Index 2 indicates that the simultaneity is higher in faster than in slower swimmers (10.6+/-7.0% vs 15.5+/-7.4%; p<.05) and is correlated with performance (r=-.47, p<.05). Index 2 is related to the clearing (r=.71), the number of kicks per cycle (K x C(-1), r=-.61), and the pull (r=.60). For women, the performance is explained by Index 1 (r=.48, p<.05). Index 1 is related (p<.05) to stroke rate (r=.84), the clearing (r=-.70), and K x C(-1) (r=-.61). K x C(-1) increases from 6.4+/-.70 for the faster to 7.8+/-2.0 for the slower group (p<.05).
Percept Mot Skills 2005 Jun
PMID:Backstroke organization in physical education students as a function of skill and sex. 1606 Apr 43

Useful field of view is a measure of information processing in peripheral vision that has potential for predicting impaired driving performance. The present study was performed to examine whether common neuropsychological deficits resulting from stroke might be associated with useful field of view impairment. 46 stroke survivors had impaired useful field of view test performance when compared to individuals without stroke (t30.6= -4.33, p<.001). The impairments in useful field of view of stroke survivors were associated with impaired peripheral fields, slowed processing speeds, and diminished attention. Such impairment was not localized to lesions in any particular brain area. Results allow the inference that common neuropsychological impairments may have contributed to inefficient extraction of visual information from peripheral vision.
Percept Mot Skills 2006 Apr
PMID:Common neuropsychological deficits associated with stroke survivors' impaired performance on a useful field of view test. 1682 60

The aim of this study was to observe the relationship between time limit at the minimum velocity that elicits maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-v VO2 max) and stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index. 13 men and 10 women, highly trained swimmers, performed an intermittent incremental test for v VO2 max assessment and an all-out swim to estimate TLim-v VO2 max. The mean +/- SD TLim-v VO2 max, v VO2 max, stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index values were 233.36 +/- 53.92 sec., 1.40 +/- .06 meter/sec., 35.58 +/- 2.89 cycles/min., 2.39 +/- .22 meter/cycle, and 3.36 +/- .41 meter2/(cycle x sec.), respectively. The correlation between TLim-v VO2 max and stroke rate was -.51 (p < .01), and values for TLim-v VO2 max with stroke length (r = .52, p < .01) and stroke index (r = .45, p < .05). These results seem to suggest that technical skill is a key factor in typical efforts requiring prolonged aerobic power.
Percept Mot Skills 2006 Aug
PMID:Is time limit at the minimum swimming velocity of VO2 max influenced by stroking parameters? 1703 44

The aim of this study consists of the application of an experimental protocol that allows information to be obtained about the visual search strategies elaborated by swimming coaches. 16 swimming coaches participated. The Experienced group (n=8) had 16.1 yr. (SD=8.2) of coaching experience and at least five years of experience in underwater vision. The Nonexperienced group in underwater vision (n= 8) had 4.2 yr. (SD= 4.0) of coaching experience. Participants were tested in a laboratory environment using a video-projected sample of the crawl stroke of an elite swimmer. This work discusses the main areas of the swimmer's body used by coaches to identify and analyse errors in technique from overhead and underwater perspectives. In front-underwater videos, body roll and mid-water were the locations of the display with higher percentages of fixation time. In the side-underwater slow videos, the upper body was the location with higher percentages of visual fixation time and was used to detect the low elbow fault. Side-overhead takes were not the best perspectives to pick up information directly about performance of the arms; coaches attended to the head as a reference for their visual search. The observation and technical analysis of the hands and arms were facilitated by an underwater perspective. Visual fixation on the elbow served as a reference to identify errors in the upper body. The side-underwater perspective may be an adequate way to identify correct knee angles in leg kicking and the alignment of a swimmer's body and leg actions.
Percept Mot Skills 2006 Dec
PMID:Visual search strategies of experienced and nonexperienced swimming coaches. 1732 15


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