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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Medical disorders related to environmental heat exposure are exceptionally common in persons who perform hard work in hot climates. They are also common in competitive athletes as well as in persons who participate in casual exercise to maintain health. The important issue of salt and water disturbances consequent to heavy sweating in hot climates is discussed in detail as are mechanisms of potassium deficiency and its implications. The major forms of environmental heat illness including heat syncope, heat cramp, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke are presented in detail with relevant clinical examples. A discussion of the differential diagnosis of hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis follows. Because of the difference in treatment and complications, heat stroke is subdivided into the classic variety that affects the elderly and very young and that form that follows heavy physical work and is always associated with rhabdomyolysis. Because severe heat exhaustion and heat stroke are life-threatening disorders, the chapter includes a detailed discussion of complications and plans for treatment.
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PMID:Heat stroke and related heat stress disorders. 265 54

1. Since 100% stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) develop cardiovascular diseases (CVD) spontaneously, they are the best models for experimental studies on CVD prevention. Previous studies have proven that stroke can be prevented by improving diets such as sodium (Na) restriction, potassium (K) supplementation and, feeding of animal or vegetable proteins, some amino acid and fatty acids and dietary fibres. 2. Recent studies in SHRSP have further confirmed the effectiveness of CVD prevention of the following dietary components. 3. Studies on SHRSP repeatedly demonstrated that the adverse effect of Na was counteracted by K, which reduced stroke incidence. Even a 1 min reduction in dietary Na/K ratios (from 0.93 to 0.61) delayed the development of stroke in SHRSP given 1% NaCl water for drinking. 4. Excess NaCl intake affected the development of stroke more adversely in SHRSP than Na citrate excess. 5. An increase in dietary Ca (from 0.6 to 1.2 or 1.6%) effectively attenuated the development of hypertension, prevented stroke and prolonged life-span in salt-loaded SHRSP, whereas additional dietary Mg (from 0.2 to 0.8%) did not affect BP levels. 6. The quality of protein is also important for stroke prevention. The protein content of 20% in regular laboratory diets was replaced with soy protein, which effectively prevented stroke. In contrast to short life-span in salt-loaded SHRSP (88 +/- 1 days), this life prolongation effect was intensified with the addition of 1.0% Ca (344 +/- 16) and became maximal with the further addition of 0.6% Mg (greater than 416 +/- 20).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Experimental evidence for dietary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. 266 64

The development of genetic models for research on hypertension and stroke, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP), have contributed not only to the elucidation of the pathogenesis of hypertension-related cardiovascular diseases (CVD) but also to their prediction and prevention. Since both genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and stroke in SHR and SHRSP, the detection of the genetic factors and the control of environmental factors have been proven to be useful as predictive and preventive measures against hypertension and related CVD. Early rise in blood pressure, sympathetic overresponsiveness, early development of cardiovascular hypertrophy, increased salt-sensitivity and membrane abnormalities detected in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from SHR and SHRSP, which are related to the pathogenesis of hypertension, have been examined for their applicability to the prediction of hypertension in man. Pathogenic mechanisms of stroke in SHRSP have been studied by electron microscopy, and VSMC degeneration and necrosis were noted to start at the outer media of intracerebral arteries which were exposed to local hypoxia and hyponutrition due to limited diffusion through the blood-brain barrier. Macrophages are involved in the process of arterionecrosis with fibrin deposition in SHRSP, and their involvement has also been proven immunohistochemically in human autopsy cases. Moreover, reduction of regional cerebral blood flow, hypoxic vulnerability of the brain detected by the NMR technique and additional cellular abnormalities such as membrane fragility and accelerated lipid incorporation may possibly be applied to the prediction of stroke and atherosclerotic diseases in man. On the other hand, experimental control of cellular, neural and vascular mechanisms of hypertension and stroke in these animal models have been proven to be effective for the prevention of CVD not only pharmacologically but also non-pharmacologically by dietary sodium reduction, and increased intake of potassium, calcium, protein and dietary fiber. The applicability of dietary control of hypertension and stroke to humans has been supported by our epidemiological studies in Japan as well as by the WHO-coordinated international cooperative study on cardiovascular diseases and alimentary comparison (WHO CARDIAC study). These new experimental and epidemiological findings are extending new horizons in medicine, where the main medical activity should be focused on the prediction of diseases by detecting genetic disposition as well as on prevention by the control of environmental factors.
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PMID:Predictive and preventive pathology of cardiovascular diseases. 269 54

In washed platelets both from DOCA-salt and renal hypertensive rats, there was a marked decrease in thrombin-induced aggregation and secretion responses compared with those of respective controls. Concomitantly, the platelets showed attenuated malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and reduced serotonin contents, suggesting the presence of degranulated platelets in the circulation due to hypertension. In platelets from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) at early hypertensive stages, thrombin-induced aggregation and secretion responses were similarly reduced. However, the platelet hypofunctions did not accompany reduced MDA formation and serotonin contents. Properties of platelets obtained from SHRSP at late hypertensive stages resembled those of platelets from experimentally hypertensive rats. These results suggest that the mechanisms of platelet hypofunction differ between experimental hypertension and spontaneous hypertension in their early stages. The hypo-aggregability observed in experimental hypertension appears to be secondary to the hypertension, whereas that seen in spontaneous hypertension seems to be a primary defect and not secondary to hypertension at early stages of hypertension.
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PMID:Changes in platelet function due to hypertension: comparison of experimental hypertension with spontaneous hypertension in rats. 270 9

Brain slices were prepared from rats which had previously sustained a focal cerebral ischaemic insult as a consequence of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Slices cut in the coronal plane at the level of the anterior commissure were equilibrated for 1 h at 35 degrees C in a submersion chamber perfused with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid. A 4M K acetate-filled glass microelectrode (15-30 M omega) was used to penetrate each slice at multiple sites in order to record spontaneous neuronal activity. Subsequently, the presence of an area of cerebral infarction in the slices was confirmed using tetrazolium salt stains. Spontaneous neuronal activity, mainly as spike discharges or depolarisation, was observed in slices prepared from lesioned (6), sham-operated (6) and control (6) animals. The bursts of discharges were more consistently obtained and of larger amplitude and duration in the slices with focal areas of ischaemia when compared with the shams and controls. These observations may be of relevance to the hypothesis that excitotoxic discharges of disinhibited neurones contribute to the pathophysiology of stroke.
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PMID:The applicability of brain slice methodology to the study of focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat: an evaluation. 272 9

Among 5910 nondrinking and nonsmoking women (of greater than or equal to 40 years of age) in a prefectural city of Sendai, and two villages of Taijiri and Wakuya in Miyagi prefecture, Japan, medical history of stroke was less frequently observed among those who took more green tea in daily life. No relation with tea drinking was observed for hypertension history. The uneven distribution of stroke history was detectable even after the effects of age, location of residence, and high salt intake were ruled out. The incidence of stroke and cerebral hemorrhage during a 4-year follow-up of the study population was twice or more times higher in those who took less green tea (less than 5 cups a day) than in those who took more (greater than or equal to 5 cups daily).
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PMID:Possible contribution of green tea drinking habits to the prevention of stroke. 274 Nov 70

Significant differences in nutrition exist between the northern and the southern regions of Belgium. The most important differences are a lower saturated fat intake, a higher polyunsaturated fat intake and a higher P/S ratio in the north. Total protein, animal and vegetal protein, salt from processed foods and fiber intake are also higher in the north. The intake of butter is higher in the south and the intake of total and dietetic margarine and of fish are higher in the north. All causes, total cardiovascular, IHD (only in men), stroke and residual cardiovascular mortality are higher in the south, consistent with the regional distribution of fat intake. However, within each region there is no correlation between these mortality patterns and fat intake. This phenomenon can be explained by the presence of confounding factors: salt intake from processed foods, fish, alcohol intake and smoking habits, all of them having a different and sometimes inverse distribution among the counties. The geographical association of fat intake and cardiovascular mortality is strengthened by a similar association between trends in fat intake and trends in cardiovascular mortality. From 1968 onwards until about 1975 a decrease in saturated fat and a marked increase in polyunsaturated fat occurred together with a decreasing dietary cholesterol and salt intake. An important decrease in IHD occurred in Belgium, particularly between 1972 and 1979, and is still the highest in Europe (1968-1984). Belgium is ranked among the five top countries of Europe where stroke mortality (age 45-74 years) is declining most. The nutritional situation of Belgium and the level of mortality, though improving, are still far from ideal. The total fat, saturated fat and salt intake are much higher than recommended by W.H.O. Continued vigorous action will be necessary in order to achieve the W.H.O. goals. A comparison of what occurred in Belgium and in other countries with regard to cardiovascular mortality and nutrition underlines the role of nutrition as a key factor in public health.
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PMID:Nutrition and cardiovascular mortality in Belgium. For the B.I.R.N.H. Study Group. 275 Apr 16

The effects of 6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (idebenone) on neurological deficits following cerebrovascular lesions were examined in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The SHRSP were maintained on a 1% NaCl solution as drinking water to shorten the onset time of cerebrovascular lesions (stroke). After the onset of stroke, the salt solution was exchanged for tap water, and idebenone (30 and 100 mg/kg) was administered orally once daily for 3 weeks. The neurological deficits were evaluated by a specially designed scoring system or by an open-field test. Idebenone decreased the severity of the neurological deficits in a dose-dependent manner and this was statistically significant in the high-dose group. The severity of neurological changes was inversely related to the motor activity in the open-field test performed when the experiment was terminated, indicating the appropriateness of the scoring system. Moreover, the compound (100 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated a decrease in food intake (anorexia) that followed the onset of stroke. These results suggest that idebenone may be useful to treat patients with cerebrovascular lesions.
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PMID:Effects of idebenone on neurological deficits following cerebrovascular lesions in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 276 38

Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were kept on a 1% NaCl solution as drinking water to shorten the onset-time of a stroke. The level of lipoperoxide (LPO) in the erythrocytes of SHRSP loaded with salt for 22 days was significantly higher than that of the controls. Idebenone treatment (30 mg/kg per day, p.o.) markedly decreased the LPO to the level of the controls. Hemolysis in SHRSP was accelerated by the salt-loading. Idebenone significantly inhibited the hemolysis in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that idebenone inhibits lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes and stabilizes the erythrocyte membrane.
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PMID:Effects of idebenone on lipid peroxidation and hemolysis in erythrocytes of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 276 45

Budralazine was evaluated for its protective effect on the onset of cerebrovascular lesions in SHR given 1.5% NaCl as drinking water. The salt-loading for 67 days rapidly accelerated the development of hypertension in SHR (from 180 to over 250 mmHg, 40 days after the loading). The acceleration of hypertension was accompanied by an increase in the incidence of brain softening, cerebral infarct, angionecrosis and hemorrhage by 30-60% following the thrombosis and necrosis of cerebral arterioles. Renal angionecrosis associated with the interstitial nephrosis was also observed by 90% in the animals. Throughout the salt-loading period, oral administration of budralazine (1, 4 and 15 mg/kg/day) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the accelerated hypertension. At larger doses (4 and 15 mg/kg/day), budralazine almost completely ameliorated the cerebral and renal lesions and significantly attenuated the rise of weight in the brain and heart observed in the salt-loaded control rats. Changes in the serum biochemical findings were also inhibited by this drug. In some of the parameters measured, budralazine appeared to be more efficacious than hydralazine (1, 4 and 15 mg/kg/day, p.o.). These results suggest that budralazine attenuates the serious development of hypertension and reduces the incidence and severity of stroke in salt-loaded SHR.
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PMID:[The effect of an antihypertensive drug budralazine on cerebrovascular lesions in salt-loaded SHR]. 279 61


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