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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hypertension and stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were investigated genetically using stroke-prone SHR (A3), stroke-resistant SHR (C) and their hybrids, hybrid of A3 and C (F1), offspring of F1 X F1 (F2), and those of backcrossing of F1 to the respective parental strains, BC(F1 X A3) and BC(F1 X C). The average blood pressure measured without anesthesia increased in the following order during the experimental period: C less than BC (F1 X C) less than F1 approximately F2 less than BC(F1 X A3) less than A3. The F2 represented a wider spread of variation than the F1, with some of the pressure extending into the range of both parental strains. When the drinking water was replaced with a 1% salt solution, the blood pressure increased and the onset of stroke markedly accelerated in all groups of SHR. Under the hypertensive conditions, the incidence of stroke was associated with A3-gene concentration rather than with the level of blood pressure. Similar but less dramatic effects of salt were observed in another series of hybrid groups derived from A3 and normal Wistar-Kyoto rats. These findings suggest that the genetic factors are of great importance in the development of stroke as well as hypertension in the SHR.
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PMID:Genetic predisposition to stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 127 77

Though major differences exist in subcategory mortality levels, cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death among both Asian Chinese and Westerners. This paper examines the possible relationship between cardiovascular mortality and biochemical, diet and lifestyle factors based on two surveys in China. Statistically significant associations indicate five variables negatively correlated: molybdenum, oleic acid, liquor consumption (males), legumes, and age at first pregnancy with ischemic heart disease; molybdenum, oleic acid (females) and age at first pregnancy with hypertensive heart disease; and legumes and age at first pregnancy with stroke. Five variables were positively correlated: triglycerides and herpes antibodies with ischemic heart disease; salt and phosphorus (females) with hypertensive heart disease; and only albumin (males) with stroke. Some findings confirm those observed in the West (salt, triglycerides, herpes, legumes, oleic acid, and liquor), but molybdenum and age at first pregnancy have not been emphasized previously. Still others significant in the West have not been observed here, such as cholesterol and smoking.
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PMID:Diet and blood nutrient correlations with ischemic heart, hypertensive heart, and stroke mortality in China. 134 47

Severe necrotizing pancreatitis is accompanied by release of hemorrhagic ascites fluid (HAF), which is thought to be related to the occurrence and frequency of cardiocirculatory and pulmonary failure as a consequence of acute pancreatitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of HAF due to these systemic complications. Experiments were performed in 25 pigs (mean b.wt. 22 +/- 1 kg) under general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation. The animals received 50 ml/kg b.wt. i.p. of either physiologic saline solution (control CO, n = 9) or hemorrhagic ascites fluid (HAF, n = 16). HAF was obtained from 16 pigs with pancreatitis induced by intraductal infusion of bile salt. Eight animals in the HAF group were pretreated with indomethacin (10 mg/kg i.v. INDO/HAF). All animals were followed up for 6 h. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume fell significantly in the HAF (-25%, -27%, -27%) and in the INDO/HAF groups (-24%, -20%, -17%) as compared with controls (-6%, -6%, -6%). Also, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) decreased by 52% and 48% in both HAF recipient groups, whereas LVEDP was unchanged in the control group. Myocardial contractility (Vmax) remained unaltered in all experimental groups. No significant differences in gas exchange and lung dry/wet weight ratio were observed. Lipase and PGI2 of the unpretreated HAF group rised to 203% and 198% in arterial blood at 6 h compared with unaltered levels in the control group. No increase of prostanoid concentrations was detected in the indomethacin-pretreated group, whereas lipase increase by a comparable extent as in the HAF group. We conclude that the early consequences of HAF are mainly characterized by systemic hypotension due to hypovolemia.
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PMID:Hemodynamic effects following intraperitoneal infusion of pancreatic ascites fluid. 141 Aug 1

Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is generally defined as a systolic pressure of 160 mmHg or more, with a diastolic pressure cut-off point below 95 mmHg in some studies and 90 mmHg in others. Its prevalence and incidence vary from 3 to 30% depending on the definition applied, methodology of measurement, as well as the population and the age and sex of the patients. Mechanisms that could lead to the development of isolated systolic hypertension are discussed, especially the role of atherosclerosis and sodium intake. Comparing results from different countries, the Intersalt study showed that the age related rise in systolic pressure was positively related to the mean sodium excretion in that country. A post-hoc analysis of data from 4 Belgian groups could not show such a correlation within our country. The risks of systolic hypertension on mortality and morbidity in the elderly are considered. The need for further studies to quantify the risk and to establish the effect of treatment is emphasized. Three such studies in patients above the age of 60 years with ISH were started. The studies are double-blind, placebo-controlled trials and the main purpose is to examine the influence of treatment on morbidity, mortality, and general well-being. In the American SHEP study the patients of the actively treated group received a diuretic and possibly a beta-blocker or reserpine. The results indicate a significant reduction in non fatal stroke, heart failure and myocardial infarction without a significant reduction in fatal stroke, fatal myocardial infarction, cardiovascular or all cause mortality. Studies in other continents are still in progress, such as the Syst-Chin in China and the Syst-Eur trial in Europe. They may indicate whether the results obtained in the U.S.A. can be extrapolated to other continents and whether the use of other drugs without metabolic disturbances, such as calcium entry blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, produce a similar reduction in events. Additional studies are needed to establish the effect of reducing salt intake in younger age groups on the prevalence of ISH and of the related morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:[Isolated systolic hypertension in persons older than 60]. 141 81

The influence of chronic treatment with clentiazem ((+)(2S,3S)-3-acetoxy-8-chloro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro- 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4 (5H)-one maleate, TA-3090), on blood pressure, incidence of stroke, stroke-related mortality and histological changes of the brain and other organs were examined in salt-loaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Male SHRSP that were fed an 8% NaCl-containing diet began to die of a stroke 3 weeks after salt-loading, accompanied by decreases in body weight and food intake. Most of the rats (16 out of 18) died by the 8th week of salt-loading. Chronic treatment with clentiazem (300 or 1000 ppm) delayed the occurrence of stroke and death in a dose-related manner without any hypotensive action when measured by the tail-cuff method. However, examination of circadian changes in arterial blood pressure with implanted cannula under a freely-moving condition 3 weeks after salt-loading revealed that 1000 ppm clentiazem produced significant hypotension in the dark phase but not in the light phase. Histological studies (3 weeks after salt-loading) showed that 1000 ppm Clentiazem significantly suppressed the cerebral and renal damages, and vascular hypertrophy in all organs studied. Thus, clentiazem prevents stroke and also protects renal damage and vascular hypertrophy in salt-loaded SHRSP. The hypotensive effect and organ-protective action by clentiazem may be involved in its prophylactic action against stroke.
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PMID:Prophylactic effects of a new 1,5-benzothiazepine calcium antagonist on stroke in salt-loaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 141 31

1. Genetic rat models of hypertension, such as spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in particular, stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) are useful models for research on the genetic pathogenesis, gene-environment interaction and control of environmental factors for the prevention of hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). 2. Since recent genetic analysis of hypertension in SHRSP indicated that one of the hypertensive genes related to salt-induced blood pressure (BP) rise was linked with the gene of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, gene-environment interaction is important in the humoral, neural, vascular and nutritional mechanisms of hypertension and CVD. 3. Extensive experimental studies in SHRSP by the authors have demonstrated nutritional factors counteracting directly or indirectly against the adverse effect of excess salt intake, such as K, Mg, Ca, dietary fibres, protein, some amino acids and fatty acids, etc.; they are therefore effective in preventing stroke, the typical complication of hypertension. 4. Experimental atherosclerotic models were established in SHRSP, which indicated also a gene-environment interaction in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis at the cellular level of vascular smooth muscle cells. Excess salt intake accelerated cholesterol absorption from the intestine to induce arterial fat deposition as well as to active platelet aggregation by the mechanism of increased intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. 5. Based on such experimental findings on the hypertension and related CVD prevention, a cross-sectional multicentre epidemiological 'CVD and Alimentary Comparison' Study (WHO-CARDIAC Study) was designed to assess the relationship of biological markers of dietary factors with BP ('core' study) and major CVD mortalities ('complete' study) and has been successfully undertaken for the past 8 years in co-operation with 54 centres in 23 countries. 6. The results of 'core' study so far obtained by cross-centre simple linear regression analysis demonstrated adverse effects of body mass index and salt intake on BP in men and possible beneficial effects of Mg by within-centre multiple linear regression analysis. 7. Preliminary cross-centre simple linear regression analysis of the 'complete' study indicated a positive correlation of serum cholesterol levels and negative correlation of serum phospholipid poly-unsaturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratios and 24 h urinary taurine excretion with coronary heart diseases mortality; a positive correlation of 24 h urinary Na and Na/K ratios and a negative correlation of serum cholesterol levels with stroke mortalities was indicated. 8. These epidemiological data confirmed mostly the applicability of experimental findings to the nutritional prevention of hypertension and CVD prevention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Gene-environment interaction in hypertension, stroke and atherosclerosis in experimental models and supportive findings from a world-wide cross-sectional epidemiological survey: a WHO-cardiac study. 144 9

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a risk factor that increases risk of myocardial infarction, renal failure or cerebral stroke. The pathogenesis of hypertension is due to a variety of causes, including inherited predisposition, dietary habits, especially salt intake, smoking, and also 'general lifestyle'. But for the scientist interested in the complex interplay of physiological and molecular factors, the actual causes of high blood pressure remain uninvestigated. The following article is concerned with new reports that ouabain, a plant derivative, occurs in human beings, in whom it appears to have a hormonal function; ouabain may even play a key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We are thus brought a step closer to the background of cardiovascular disease; we may also be afforded a lead to a new therapeutic principle.
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PMID:Ouabain--a link in the genesis of high blood pressure? 147 73

As the major regulator of arterial blood pressure and sodium balance, the renin axis supports normotension or hypertension via angiotensin-mediated vasoconstriction and angiotensin plus aldosterone-induced renal sodium retention. In this endocrine servo control, renal renin is released by hypotension or salt depletion; conversely, with hypertension or volume excess, plasma renin activity falls to zero. Accordingly, any renal renin secretion is abnormal in the face of arterial hypertension. Human hypertensive disorders comprise a spectrum of abnormal vasoconstriction-volume products (renin-sodium profiles). Excess plasma renin activity for the sodium balance is created by nephron heterogeneity in which a subpopulation of ischemic nephrons hypersecretes renin and retains sodium. This excess renin impairs adaptive natriuresis of neighboring normal nephrons. Research defining the pivotal role of vascular cytosolic calcium for transducing sodium or renin-mediated vasoconstriction explains the selective value of calcium antagonists for correcting the sodium-volume-mediated, and beta-blockers or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for correcting renin-mediated, arteriolar vasoconstriction. The renin precursor prorenin appears to be physiologically active, causing selective vasodilation that offsets renin-mediated vasoconstriction. Overactivity of prorenin may be involved in the hyperperfusion vascular injuries of diabetes mellitus and toxemias. Prorenin underactivity may facilitate renin-mediated ischemic vascular injury. In essential hypertension, undue plasma renin activity is powerfully and independently associated with heart attack risk. Conversely, patients with low renin activity are protected from heart attack despite higher blood pressures and greater age. Also, renin or angiotensin administration consistently causes vascular injury in the heart, brain, and kidneys of animals. These data suggest new potentials for the prevention of cardiovascular sequelae (heart attack and stroke) by using explicit strategies to curtail plasma renin activity.
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PMID:Lewis K. Dahl Memorial Lecture. The renin system and four lines fo hypertension research. Nephron heterogeneity, the calcium connection, the prorenin vasodilator limb, and plasma renin and heart attack. 151 45

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is of special clinical significance because of its association with pathophysiologies such as heart disease, renal failure, and stroke. We described the development of a protocol for use with hypertensive rats in which prepubertal exposure to a high salt (8% NaCl) diet results in a pathophysiological syndrome including rapid increase in BP, failure to maintain normal weight gain, renal damage, cerebrovascular lesions, and early mortality. These phenomena are described for the inbred spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), and for reciprocal F1 hybrids of a cross between SHR and the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS/Jr) inbred strain. The study with reciprocal F1s revealed striking effects of maternal environment on pathophysiological response to a high salt diet. F1s nurtured by SHR mothers weighed less at 35 days of age, and after exposure to the high salt diet suffered more rapid BP increases, greater incidence of stroke, body weight loss, and mortality, than F1s nurtured by SS/Jr dams. These results suggest that maternal mediation of the nutritional status of the animal may play an important role in determining susceptibility to elevated BP and subsequent pathophysiology associated with exposure to a high salt diet. The implication of these findings for human hypertension is briefly discussed.
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PMID:Maternal influences on cardiovascular pathophysiology. 153 41

Four reviews on the the role of developmental factors in hypertension are introduced and set in historical context. Recent research in the laboratory rat has shown that the preweaning environment makes an important contribution to the level of blood-pressure reached in adult life in genetic models of hypertension. Both of the most commonly used models of hypertension, the SHR and SS/Jr rat strains, exhibit lower BP in adult life, if they are fostered shortly after birth to mothers from their normotensive control strains. It has been suggested that it is the idiosyncratic maternal behavior of the hypertensive mothers which contributes to the elevated BP of their offspring, and it has been amply demonstrated that there is an association between a constellation of behaviors emitted by rat mothers and the adult BP of their offspring in a wide variety of genetic groups (inbred hypertensive animals, F1's and F2's). In addition to the above, maternal environment has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the pathophysiological response of hypertensive animals to a high salt diet. Being raised by an SHR mother, versus an SS/Jr mother, increases the magnitude of BP increases to a high salt diet, susceptibility to hemorrhagic stroke, body weight loss and the risk of mortality. A variety of physiological systems are undergoing rapid change during the preweaning period and may mediate the effects of differences in the maternal environment. These include the renin-angiotensin system and the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Nutritional factors may be involved in all of the phenomena referred to above. Thus, any physiological mechanisms that are proposed to link maternal behavior to its effects on the physiology of adult animals should recognize the involvement of nutritional factors. Research on the role of developmental factors such as maternal behavior in genetic models of hypertension is at the interface of two growing disciplines: behavior genetics and developmental psychobiology. The methodological and conceptual contributions of these fields to advancing our understanding of these phenomena is emphasized.
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PMID:Nature/nurture and the nature of nurture in the etiology of hypertension. 158 90


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