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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Resuscitated victims of cardiac arrest with coronary heart disease represent a group of patients with an accelerated mortality rate. Among 227 such patients in our follow-up study, 20% had died at 1 year and 50% were dead in slightly over 3 years. Predictors of death were related to use of digitalis, elevated blood urea nitrogen, cerebral vascular accident, previous myocardial infarction, and age. In a subset of 103 patients in whom ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings were available within 3 months of the arrest event, the presence of complexity and high-frequency ventricular premature beats (VPBs) (greater than or equal to 25/hr) were added to the mortality predictors of digitalis and diuretic therapy and elevated blood urea nitrogen. An almost equal number of patients died suddenly and nonsuddenly. Predictors of sudden death were treatment with quinidine and paired VPBs. Occurrence of arrhythmias was an important addition to the previous mortality predictors related to left ventricular dysfunction.
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PMID:Predictive survival models for resuscitated victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with coronary heart disease. 398 77

Adriamycin (Adriablastine), administered weekly at the dose of 5 mg/kg i.p. for 3 weeks in rats, produced a general decrease of vitality associated with a decrease of body weight, hypothermia, decreases of stroke volume and cardiac output. Hematocrit was decreased. Renal blood flow decreased whereas pulmonary blood flow increased. Mean blood pressure and heart rate remained unaffected. Biochemical evaluations revealed a decrease of blood urea and serum creatinine, which might be related to decreased food intake and protein metabolism. Morphological changes in the heart tissue could not be appreciated. Venoruton (HR), administered at the dose of 300 mg/kg p.o. daily for 28 days (5 days before and 23 days after the first injection of adriamycin), improved adriamycin-induced clinical signs and symptoms (loss of body weight, hypothermia and decreased general vitality). It tended to increase cardiac output and stroke volume.
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PMID:Protective effects of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR) against adriamycin-induced toxicity in rats. 400 21

Clinical and laboratory abnormalities were examined in relation to diabetes mellitus in a retrospective study of the 120 patients with acute stroke admitted to our medical unit between January 1, 1981 and March 31, 1984, inclusive. Paretic stroke was defined without clinical evidence of alternative diagnosis. We have examined: age, serum levels of glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, globulins, ratio albumin/globulins and also a white and red blood-cells count, haemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and blood pressure. The routine electrocardiogram (ECG) obtained on admission was examined for atrial fibrillation. The high prevalence of risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus in stroke patients indicate the need for further studies of stroke prevention and treatment particularly in this disease.
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PMID:[Risk factors and acute cerebral infarct in patients selected on the basis of blood sugar levels]. 402 27

Monitoring of plasma osmolality (PO) in patients with cerebral stroke revealed the most marked changes in hemorrhagic stroke. The presence of renal failure and hyperglycemia aggravated disorders of osmotic homeostasis. The value of PO adequately reflected the severity of the state of the patients. Stable hyperosmolality and an increase in the difference between the measured and calculated PO over 30 mOsm in the acutest phase of stroke were poor prognostic signs. Determination of PO along with other traditional tests (measurement of sodium, potassium, urea and glucose) yields important information for the correct treatment of patients in the acutest phase of cerebral stroke.
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PMID:[Changes in plasma osmolality in patients in the most acute phase of a stroke]. 407 28

The phenothiazine dixyrazine (5 mg . kg-1 i.v.) had minimal, transient hypotensive effects but significantly reduced the leakage of 125I labelled serum albumin in conscious rats subjected to acute hypertension provoked by i.v. adrenaline or bicuculline. By contrast, dixyrazine did not protect the blood-brain barrier during osmotic stress induced by intracarotid infusion of 2 M urea. The diameters of pial arteries and veins were continuously measured with a multichannel videoangiometer through a closed cranial window in anesthetized rats before and after i.v. injection of dixyrazine (5 mg . kg-1). No change in vessel diameter was observed except for a transient autoregulatory dilatation of arteries in response to a slight transitory decrease in the blood pressure. It is concluded that dixyrazine probably protects the blood-brain barrier during mechanical stress by modifying the endothelial cell membrane.
Stroke
PMID:Phenothiazine-mediated protection of the blood-brain barrier during acute hypertension. 612 2

Clinical and laboratory abnormalities and the presence of atrial fibrillation on admission were examined in relation to hospital mortality in a retrospective study of the 320 patients with acute stroke admitted to a medical unit in a 5-year period. Of clinical factors, only increasing age and the presence of coma were associated with mortality. Atrial fibrillation, present in 25% of all patients, was associated with an increased mortality in patients aged 60-79 years (67% vs 44%, p less than 0.01). In patients under 75 years the mortality associated with raised haematocrit (0.50 or more), present in 11% of all patients, was more than twice as high as it was in those with lower haematocrit (71% vs 31%, p less than 0.005). Other laboratory variables associated with a high mortality were increased levels of mean red cell volume, white cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, globulin, and blood urea and creatinine; and decreased levels of albumin. The high prevalence of and increased mortality associated with atrial fibrillation and raised haematocrit in stroke patients indicate the need for further studies of stroke prevention and treatment in these patients.
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PMID:Relation of atrial fibrillation and high haematocrit to mortality in acute stroke. 613 30

It is not clear whether indapamide reduces blood pressure by a vasodilator or a diuretic action. This review attempts to answer this fundamental question. Cardiovascular studies show small increases in cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume with a significant reduction in peripheral resistance. Indapamide, in vitro, directly inhibits pressor stimuli probably through a reduction of calcium flux in vascular smooth muscle, whilst diuretics are inactive. In vivo studies in man also show a reduction in sensitivity to pressor doses of noradrenaline and angiotensin without an increase in adrenergic sensitivity. However, indapamide does have mild diuretic activity at therapeutic doses, as shown by changes in plasma sodium, potassium, urea, uric acid and a reduction in body weight, but the changes are appreciably less than with thiazides. These results would suggest that indapamide has both diuretic and vasodilator properties. A low urinary excretion and specific accumulation into arterial smooth muscle of this lipophilic molecule may provide a rationale for this dual activity.
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PMID:The possible mode of action of indapamide: a review. 635 88

In order to assess the thyroid function of patients with nonthyroidal illness, 292 patients with nonthyroidal illness were employed in the present study. These patients were then subdivided into 6 groups according to their original illness. The groups consisted of patients with malignant illnesses (19 males and 10 females; mean age of 59.7 yr.), with chronic hepatitis (14 males and 8 females; mean age of 55.2 yr.), with liver cirrhosis (5 males and 6 females, mean age of 60.4 yr.), with uremia who had been receiving constant hemodialysis 2 approximately 3 times per week (52 males and 38 females; mean age of 48.1 yr.), with diabetes mellitus (50 males and 43 females; mean age of 52.3 yr.) and with cerebrovascular accident (21 males and 26 females; mean age of 74.9 yr.). In addition, 34 healthy persons (15 males and 19 females; mean age of 41.6 yr.) were also employed as controls. Because the differences between mean ages in these groups were significant, the relationship between age and thyroid function was examined. Significant positive correlations between age and total thyroxine (TT4) (r = 0.19; p less than 0.01), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) (r = 0.175; p less than 0.01) were found. A negative correlation was also found between age and total triiodothyronine (TT3) (r = 0.231; p less than 0.01). The serum levels of rT3 were elevated in patients with neoplasma and liver cirrhosis but significantly low in patients with uremia. These characteristic findings were correlated with the severity of each original disease such as % motarity, serum levels of cholinesterase, blood urea nitrogens and the blood sugar control in the diabetics. In these circumstances, multiple correlation analyses were performed in order to assess whether there might exist a negative feedback mechanism between thyrotropin and FT4/FT3. The highest partial correlation coefficient was obtained between thyrotropin and FT4. It might, therefore, be concluded that in patients with a nonthyroidal illness, decreased levels of serum thyroid hormones indicate not only the severity of the illness but also the supposed presence of a hypothyroid state.
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PMID:[Thyroid functions in nonthyroidal illness: specific changes in serum levels of thyroid hormones related in illness and the correlation between thyrotropin and free thyroid hormones in patients with nonthyroidal illnesses]. 647 79

The feeding of a normal diet containing 13.5% urea (in place of protein in a high protein diet) attenuated the development of severe hypertension and decreased the incidence of stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), when 1% NaCl solution was given to them. The urea not only increased urine volume, but also increased urinary sodium excretion in SHR given 1% NaCl for drinking. Although there was no obvious difference in erythrocyte size between the urea and the control groups, there was a significant inverse correlation between plasma urea level and erythrocyte size. These results suggest that a high protein diet reduced blood pressure partly through the diuretic effect of urea, the common metabolite of various proteins.
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PMID:Effect of dietary urea on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 653 16

Cerebral microembolism was performed in rats by injecting radioactive calibrated 50 mu microspheres into the left internal carotid artery. The use of radioactive microspheres as embolic agents enabled the number of microspheres to be determined in each cerebral hemisphere. Edema was assessed 24 h after embolization by measuring brain water, sodium, and potassium content. Equiosmolal doses (40 mmol/kg) of glycerol or urea were injected i.p. at various times before sacrifice. Both treatments caused similar changes in water and electrolyte content, brain dehydration being maximal 30 min after urea and 2 h after glycerol injection. Cerebral energy metabolism and regional blood flow were evaluated at the times of maximal brain dehydration. Urea treatment resulted in an improvement of the cerebral circulation whereas glycerol treatment led to a deterioration of cerebral blood flow which cannot be explained by failure to reduce edema and the consequent microcirculatory impairment. Urea treatment had no marked effect on cerebral energy metabolism whereas glycerol injection resulted in an important increase in brain lactate level which may be relevant to the impairment of cerebral reperfusion. These results point out that administration of a metabolized solute like glycerol may exert deleterious effects on the ischemic brain.
Stroke
PMID:Comparison of the effects of hypertonic glycerol and urea on brain edema, energy metabolism and blood flow following cerebral microembolism in the rat. Deleterious effect of glycerol treatment. 665 38


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