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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Maximum heart rates (HR) of three soricine shrews and six other small mammals were measured in response to a single supramaximal dose of isoproterenol (Iso) under urethan anesthesia. The highest HR, 1,043 +/- 66 (SD) beats/min (n = 3), was in least shrew (Sorex minutus, mean body mass 3.02 +/- 0.81 g). Maximum HRs of common shrew (Sorex araneus, 7.16 +/- 1.54 g) and water shrew (Neomys fodiens, 12.80 +/- 1.54 g) were 938 +/- 29 (n = 7) and 887 +/- 21 (n = 6), respectively. In general, maximum HRs of soricine shrews and other small wild mammals followed the common mammalian pattern, fHmax/Iso = 443 x Mb-0.14, determined by body size. The exponent for this equation is smaller than that of resting HR (-0.25) (Stahl, J. Appl. Physiol. 22: 453-460, 1967), predicting crossover at approximately 3 g body mass. However, resting HRs of small mammals were clearly lower than expected on the basis of body mass. Lowering resting HR below the common mammalian level, with concomitant increase in stroke volume, seems to be a prerequisite for small mammals to regulate cardiac output against the ceiling of maximum HR. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the myosin of shrew ventricles is different from those of rodent species. In native conditions, shrew myosin, designated V1', migrated faster than the V3 and V1 forms of rat heart. On SDS gradient gel the single heavy chain of shrew myosin migrated slower than the alpha- or beta-chains of rat ventricle. Differences in the molecular weight of light chains were also noted between small mammals. Despite the notable differences in myosin composition, myosin-ATPase activity of the shrew hearts was similar to that of mouse and rat heart. Because duration of isometric contraction was inversely related to resting and maximum HRs, it was concluded that in the small mammals rate and duration of contraction are determined mainly by the release and uptake rate of myoplasmic Ca2+ and less by myosin-ATPase activity.
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PMID:Maximum heart rate of soricine shrews: correlation with contractile properties and myosin composition. 153 6

We report the successful collection of a large quantity of human resting pulmonary function data on the SLS-1 mission. Preliminary analysis suggests that cardiac stroke volumes are high on orbit, and that an adaptive reduction takes at least several days, and in fact may still be in progress after 9 days on orbit. It also suggests that pulmonary capillary blood volumes are high, and remain high on orbit, but that the pulmonary interstitium is not significantly impacted. The data further suggest that the known large gravitational gradients of lung function have only a modest influence on single breath tests such as the SBN washout. They account for only approximately 25% of the phase III slope of nitrogen, on vital capacity SBN washouts. These gradients are only a moderate source of the cardiogenic oscillations seen in argon (bolus gas) and nitrogen (resident gas), on such tests. They may have a greater role in generating the normal CO2 oscillations, as here the phase relationship to argon and nitrogen reverses in microgravity, at least at mid exhalation in those subjects studied to date. Microgravity may become a useful tool in establishing the nature of the non-gravitational mechanisms that can now be seen to play such a large part in the generation of intra-breath gradients and oscillations of expired gas concentration. Analysis of microgravity multibreath nitrogen washouts, single breath washouts from more physiological pre-inspiratory volumes, both using our existing SLS-1 data, and data from the upcoming D-2 and SLS-2 missions, should be very fruitful in this regard.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Pulmonary function in microgravity. 158 53

The purposes of this study are to delineate a profile of the state of a stroke patient's adaptation at 3 months after hospitalization and to explore the relationship between the level of adaptation and the variables which influence the adaptation of hemiplegic patients. To these ends, theoretical framework was derived basically from the stress adaptation model. The basic assumption underlying the level of adaptation is influenced by the presenting focal, contextual and residual stimuli. This group of stimuli is further operationalized and represented by a perception of stress, which is the perceived effect of the disability and by the mediating variables such as sociodemographic factors as an external conditioning variables and perceived social support and hardiness personality characteristics as an internal intervening variables. The dependent variables in this study is the level of physical, psychological and social adaptation and is hypothesized to be a function of the interaction between 3 sets of variables namely, the perceived disability effect, external conditioning variables and internal intervening variables. A total of fourty three subjects from 3 general hospitals in Seoul were observed and interviewed with the aid of 7 structured instruments. The data were collected twice on each subject: first, at the pre-discharge period and at 3 months post-discharge from hospital for the second time. The study was carried out for the period from February to August, 1988. The instruments used for the study include 4 existing scales and 3 scales developed by the researcher for this study. They are: 1) The ADL dependency scale and the scale of the clinical physical functions for the assessment of physical adaptation. 2) the SDS (self report of depression) to measure the level of psychological adaptation. 3) The scale for the amount of social activities for the measurement of the level of social adaptation. 4) The scale for the perceived effect of disability for the measurement of the focal stimuli. 5) The health related hardiness scale and the perceived interpersonal support self evaluation list (ISEL) for the measurement of the hardiness personality character and the perceived social support. The data obtained were analyzed using percentage, one way ANOVA, Pearson coefficients correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The findings provide valuable information about the present level of physical adaptation at 3 months after discharge. The patient revealed a decreased ADL dependency and lowered limitation of physical function as compared with pre-discharge state. Psychologically, the average degree of depression at follow up was within normal range of depression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[A study of factors influencing the state of adaptation of hemiplegic patients]. 236 4

In order to investigate possible influences of satisfaction with life on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), we studied the relationship between the self-rating depression scale and rCBF in normal middle-aged volunteers. A significant inverse correlation between SDS scores and the rCBF was observed. This result was independent of the influences of risk factors for stroke and age. Our findings suggest that satisfaction in daily life is important in maintaining active levels of brain metabolism.
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PMID:Self-rating depression scales correlated with regional cerebral blood flow in normal volunteers. 359 57

The contractile activity of various fresh, or incubated blood fractions was studied in vitro using the isolated canine basilar artery. Significantly greater contraction was induced by fresh platelet rich plasma (PRP) and serum compared to red blood cells (RBC). Following incubation, the contractile activity of RBC increased, reaching a plateau at day-3 and it was maintained for at least 14 days, while both PRP and serum lost most of their activity after 24 h of incubation. The contractions induced by fresh blood fractions were only partially blocked by desensitization of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors or by the 5-HT antagonist methysergide. D-600 effectively antagonized the response to all blood fractions. Biochemical analysis of the incubated RBC by means of Sephacryl S-200 column chromatography and SDS-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the contractile substance possessed a molecular weight of about 60,000 daltons. Vasoactivity was only present in one peak of the chromatographically eluted fractions which was shown to possess a similar absorption spectrum to that of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin concentration was highest in day 3, 7, and 14 fractions and may be correlated with the contractile activity of incubated samples.
Stroke
PMID:Changes in vasoactive properties of blood products with time and attempted identification of the spasmogens. 730 68

The amount of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy patients has been studied by two-dimensional electrophoresis (blue native PAGE/Tricine-SDS-PAGE). Only 20 mg muscle was required to identify and analyse complexes I, III, IV, and V after Coomassie staining. In most cases reduced amounts of the involved complex(es) correlated well with decreased enzyme activities. The reliability of the method was reflected by the constant mutual ratio of the complexes found in all controls. Deviations from normal ratios were found to be more sensitive indicators for a defect than the absolute quantities, which varied considerably within the control group both in the enzymic and in the electrophoretic analysis. The effect of the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)) mutation in mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes on the amount of oxidative phosphorylation complexes was demonstrated for the first time directly on the protein level. In patients without known DNA mutations, specific defects of single complexes were identified. The new technique is a sensitive method for the identification of oxidative phosphorylation defects, complementary to enzymic measurements.
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PMID:Human diseases with defects in oxidative phosphorylation. 1. Decreased amounts of assembled oxidative phosphorylation complexes in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. 786 54

To investigate influence of social activity on normal brain aging, we studied the social activity score, cognitive functions, self-rating depression scale, cerebral blood flow (CBF), MRI and motor function in the normal elderly people living in different social environments. There was no difference in risk factors for stroke, MRI findings and CBF between the two groups. However, the subjects living in a home for elderly showed significantly lower social activities than those living with families. Cognitive functions and motor function were lower, and SDS was higher in subjects living in retirement house than those living with families. The social environment including social activities closely related to life style may significantly influence brain aging with regard to silent brain infarctions or risk factors for stroke.
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PMID:[Influence of social environments on brain aging]. 886 22

The cardiovascular system appears to adapt well to microgravity but is compromised on reestablishment of gravitational forces leading to orthostatic intolerance and a reduction in work capacity. However, maximal systemic oxygen uptake (Vo2) and transport, which may be viewed as a measure of the functional integrity of the cardiovascular system and its regulatory mechanisms, has not been systematically measured in space or immediately after return to Earth after spaceflight. We studied six astronauts (4 men and 2 women, age 35-50 yr) before, during, and immediately after 9 or 14 days of microgravity on two Spacelab Life Sciences flights (SLS-1 and SLS-2). Peak Vo2 (Vo2peak) was measured with an incremental protocol on a cycle ergometer after prolonged submaximal exercise at 30 and 60% of Vo2peak. We measured gas fractions by mass spectrometer and ventilation via turbine flowmeter for the calculation of breath-by-breath Vo2, heart rate via electrocardiogram, and cardiac output (Qc) via carbon dioxide rebreathing. Peak power and Vo2 were well maintained during spaceflight and not significantly different compared with 2 wk preflight. Vo2peak was reduced by 22% immediately postflight (P < 0.05), entirely because of a decrease in peak stroke volume and Qc. Peak heart rate, blood pressure, and systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference were unchanged. We conclude that systemic Vo2peak is well maintained in the absence of gravity for 9-14 days but is significantly reduced immediately on return to Earth, most likely because of reduced intravascular blood volume, stroke volume, and Qc.
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PMID:Maximal exercise performance after adaptation to microgravity. 887 35

33 patients with acute cerebral stroke (21 men and 12 women, averaged age 69.9 +/- 11.2 years) were examined for fluctuations in the level of serum Lp(a) 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after the onset of symptoms. The Lp(a) level was higher (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) on days 7 and 14 than on the day of onset. Higher values were associated with poorer outcomes and with larger abnormal densities on brain CT scans. In 33 of these patients, the apo(a)phenotype was determined. Diluted serum was electrophoresed with SDS-containing gel as a carrier, then transcribed on a nitrocellulose membrane, stained by Western blotting and then sensitizing-stained. The results were evaluated by the method of Utermann et al. Outcome was significantly poorer in patients with a double-band apo(a)phenotype than in those with a single-band (p < 0.05). Those with a double-band had significantly higher mean value of Lp(a), except on the day of onset, than did those with a single-band. Patients with large degrees of electrophoresis had significantly higher values of Lp(a) than did those with small degrees. These data suggest that serial measurement of Lp(a) can be of some value in predicting the outcome in patients with cerebral stroke. Determination of apo(a) phenotype may also be useful in the prevention and prognosis of cerebral stroke, especially when it is caused by cerebral infarction.
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PMID:[Changes in serum Lp(a) and apo(a)phenotype in patients with acute cerebral stroke]. 899 6

Several epidemiological studies have established that elevated serum lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels are independent risk factors for coronary heart disease, stroke, and restenosis of coronary lesions in white and Asian populations. Serum Lp(a) levels vary over a 1000-fold range among individuals and are under strict genetic control. Serum Lp(a) levels are significantly higher in populations with African ancestry than in populations of European ancestry. The APOA gene exhibits hypervariable length polymorphism resulting from a variable number of expressed kringle 4 repeats. An inverse relationship exists between the size of kringle 4 repeats and serum Lp(a) levels. However, most studies have been conducted in whites, and the data are scanty in African populations. To explore this relationship among Africans, we determined serum Lp(a) levels and APOA Kringle 4 size polymorphisms in 781 unrelated Africans (490 men, 291 women) from Benin City, Nigeria. Mean and median serum Lp(a) values were 25.6 +/- 0.6 mg/dl and 20.9 mg/dl, respectively. Although there was no difference in mean Lp(a) values between men and women, median Lp(a) values were higher in women than in men (p = 0.02). Using SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis, we detected 38 APOA isoforms, the highest number recorded to data. There were 10 consecutive medium-size alleles whose frequencies ranged between 4.2% and 10.9%, and together they accounted for 72.8% of the alleles observed in this population. Spearman's correlation coefficients showed an inverse relationship between the size of the APOA isoform and Lp(a) levels using either single-banded (r = 0.46; p < 0.0001) or double-banded (r = 0.42; p < 0.0001) phenotypes. Using random effects analysis of variance on the entire sample, the APOA size polymorphism explained about 15% of the phenotypic variation in Lp(a) levels. These data suggest that despite significant correlation between the APOA kringle 4 size polymorphism and Lp(a) levels, other sequence variations either in the APOA gene or closely linked genes may account for relatively higher Lp(a) levels found in Africans.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein A kringle 4 polymorphism and serum lipoprotein (a) concentrations in African blacks. 959 40


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