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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A hair seeding technique has been developed to obtain diffraction quality crystals of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) iso-2-cytochrome c, a model for studies of protein folding and biological electron transfer reactions. Deep red crystals of this protein were obtained from 88 to 92% saturated solutions of ammonium sulfate containing 20 mg protein/ml, 0.1 M-sodium phoshate, 0.3 M-sodium chloride, 0.04 M-dithiothreitol and adjusted to phosphate, 0.3 M-sodium chloride, 0.04 M-dithiothreitol and adjusted to pH 6.0. Rapid crystal growth was observed, but only along the path of the seeding hair stroke. The space group is P4(3)2(1)2 (or P4(1)2(1)2) with a = b = 36.4 A, c = 137.8 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) and Z = 8. Crystals are stable in the X-ray beam for more than 10 days and diffract to at least 2.5 A resolution. The same hair seeding methodology has proven useful in obtaining crystals of specifically designed mutant iso-2 proteins and in other protein systems where consistent crystal growth had previously proven difficult to attain.
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PMID:Crystallization of yeast iso-2-cytochrome c using a novel hair seeding technique. 254 32

Recently, food intake in Japan has been characterized by an increase in fat intake, especially animal-fat intake and the maintenance of excess salt (sodium chloride) intake. It is generally accepted that the increase in fat intake is closely related to atherosclerosis, and excess salt intake is a high risk factor for the development of hypertension and cerebrovascular lesions. So far, in almost all reports, the increase in fat intake and excess salt intake have been studied independently, and there have been few reports on the combined effects of these two factors. Taking the above things into consideration, it would seem to be very interesting to investigate the effect of excess salt intake on lipid metabolism. In this paper, we studied the effects of excess salt intake on lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolisms, using stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and normotensive Kyo: Wistar rats (WKY) as model animals. The results obtained were as follows: A significant increase in the concentration of serum total cholesterol (TC) was observed in SHRSP and WKY, when the rats were given a regular diet (CE-2, Clea Japan Inc.) and 1% sodium chloride solution (1% NaCl) as drinking water for 4 weeks. This was accompanied by a tendency toward increases in the concentrations of serum apolipoproteins in both strains. These results suggest that excess salt intake could accelerate the production of serum total lipoproteins in SHRSP and WKY, when the rats are fed a regular diet. Next, 1% NaCl and a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFC diet) were simultaneously given to SHRSP and WKY for 6 weeks. The effects of simultaneous administration on lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolisms were compared with those of HFC feeding. One percent NaCl did not markedly affect hypercholesterolemia in WKY, while it induced more marked hypercholesterolemia in SHRSP that was associated with extreme elevations of serum TC and the atherogenic index (A.I.). This deleterious effect of 1% NaCl in SHRSP was due to drastic elevations of cholesterol contents in the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions. This was also associated with marked increases in apo B contents in the VLDL, IDL and LDL fractions and significant increases in apo E contents in the VLDL and IDL fractions. These results indicate that 1% NaCl induced much larger increases in serum atherogenic beta-lipoproteins in SHRSP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Studies on stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet--effects of salt intake on serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism]. 263 85

Hypernatremia is a potentially life-threatening electrolyte abnormality. This problem develops most often because of loss of water from the animal, but in rare cases hypernatremia results from gain of sodium chloride. Important conditions predisposing to hypernatremia include diarrhea, vomiting, heat stroke, fever, limited access to water, excessive diuretic use, renal diseases, and pituitary diabetes insipidus. This condition rarely develops if animals have adequate access to water. Clinical signs relate to central nervous system derangements and can progress to seizures and coma. Diagnosis is based on the serum sodium concentration; treatment should be instituted if it is greater than 170 mEq per L. Treatment is based on knowledge of the volume status of the patient and the probable cause for the hypernatremia. In general, 5 per cent dextrose in water or other hypotonic fluids are given slowly intravenously. The rate of administration should be adjusted so the water deficit is replaced over 48 to 72 h. Too rapid correction of hypernatremia can lead to cerebral edema and worsening of the animal. In cases of salt intoxication, diuretics must be given in addition to slow water replacement to avoid the development of pulmonary edema.
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PMID:Hypernatremia. 264 64

The role of sodium and its accompanying anion for the development of DOCA-salt hypertension was studied in uninephrectomized DOCA-treated weanling Wistar rats which were fed a diet containing either sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate (170 mmol/kg). The blood pressure was increased in both groups of rats with sodium overload as compared to rats fed a low-salt diet only. A decreased cardiac output and substantially elevated systemic resistance were demonstrated in both groups of rats with high sodium intake in comparison with rats kept on a low-salt diet. However, these haemodynamic changes were more pronounced in rats with sodium chloride overload than in animals with a high sodium bicarbonate intake. On the other hand, the rigidity of major arteries which was estimated as the pulse pressure/stroke volume ratio, was increased only in rats fed a diet with sodium chloride but not in rats with sodium bicarbonate overload. Thus high sodium intake was responsible for the changes of systemic resistance in DOCA-treated animals and its action was only slightly augmented by a high chloride intake. In contrast to this, the chloride overload seemed to be essential for the induction of increased arterial rigidity.
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PMID:The importance of sodium and chloride ions for the development of DOCA-NaCl hypertension: a haemodynamic study. 302 Jun 2

The influence on the hemodynamics of oral and intravenous nourishment containing the same amount of calories in comparison to isotonic solution of sodium chloride was studied in 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Forty minutes after administration of nourishment, a 34% increase in cardiac index, rising from 2.61 +/- 0.43 to 3.49 +/- 0.68 l/min/m2 was measured in the oral group, P less than 0.001. The increase was 22% (from 2.75 +/- 0.54 to 3.36 +/- 0.83 l/min/m2) in the intravenous group, P less than 0.025. Stroke index rose by 26% (from 33.4 +/- 7.8 to 42.1 +/- 10.6 ml/m2) in the oral group, P less than 0.025; and by 13% (from 32.7 +/- 8.3 to 37.0 +/- 9.7 ml/m2) in the intravenous group, P less than 0.05. No increases were seen in heart rate, mean blood pressure and pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure. The systemic vascular resistance decreased significantly in both groups. Thus, changes that mimic those seen during treatment with positive inotropic or vasodilating drugs were found. These effects have to be taken into account when assessing hemodynamic changes following cardiovascular medication.
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PMID:Postprandial increase of cardiac output in patients with acute myocardial infarction. 358 56

Hemodynamic data were obtained in 9 patients (mean age 65 yrs) with carotid territory cerebral infarct within the preceding 24 hours (mean 14 +/- 8) as part of a pilot study testing the feasibility and safety of hypervolemic hemodilution. Pulmonary arterial catheters (PACs) were placed without complication in all patients, and after baseline measurements were obtained, up to 1500 cc of 6% hetastarch in 0.9% sodium chloride was administered the first day and up to 1000 cc per day the second and third days. Pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) rose from 6.3 +/- 3.5 to 14.4 +/- 3.4 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) without development of congestive heart failure in any patient. This was accompanied by a drop in hematocrit (Hct) from 40.3 +/- 3.4 to 32.9 +/- 2.0 (p less than 0.001) and rise in cardiac output (CO) from 4.3 +/- 1.0 to 5.3 +/- 0.6 (p less than 0.05). Phlebotomy of 250 cc was performed in 2 patients and 500 cc in one in order to reduce Hct to desired levels. The volume of fluid needed to raise PWP to 15 was unpredictable (2361 +/- 1106 cc) and therefore PACs were necessary to monitor the rate and volume of fluid administration. The data show that PWP is sufficiently low and Hct sufficiently high following stroke in most patients that hemodilution by volume expansion with phlebotomy added if necessary can be undertaken safely with appropriate monitoring of hemodynamic function, and that this therapy results in optimal reduction of Hct and increased CO without risk of hypotension.
Stroke
PMID:Baseline hemodynamic state and response to hemodilution in patients with acute cerebral ischemia. 404 43

To evaluate sodium susceptibility in subjects with borderline hypertension at increased risk of developing essential hypertension, the effect of salt loading after sodium deprivation with a diuretic was studied in 21 young patients with borderline hypertension and 12 age-matched normal subjects. Treatment with a diuretic caused significant decreases in mean blood pressure (MBP) in subjects with borderline hypertension but not in normotensive subjects. In borderline hypertensives, the subsequent sodium loads resulted in a significant rise in MBP (5.8 +/- 1.7%; p less than .01), but sodium did not change MBP in normotensives. There is a good correlation between the increments in MBP with sodium loads and the decrements in MBP with a diuretic for each patient (r = -.759, p less than .001). After diuretics, cardiac index (CI) as measured echocardiographically fell significantly but calculated total peripheral resistance (TPR) remained unchanged in subjects with borderline hypertension. After 180 meq sodium chloride each day was added for 7 days, CI (9.1 +/- 2.1%; p less than .01) and stroke index (21.0 +/- 3.4%; p less than .01) rose significantly but TPR remained unchanged. Overall, the increments of MBP with sodium loads did not correlate with the changes in CI but did correlate with the changes in TPR (r = .567, p less than .01). In these young patients with borderline hypertension, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations and plasma renin activity (PRA) were significantly higher than in normotensive subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Sodium susceptibility and potassium effects in young patients with borderline hypertension. 636 6

Thirty-seven subjects including 29 patients with essential hypertension (8 with labile and 21 with stable disease patterns) and 8 controls received salt and water loads. Sodium chloride was administered per os at a rate of 0.12-0.22 g bw, water at a rate of 20 ml bw. Before loads the measurements were taken of the total water content in the body and of the total metabolic sodium. Radiocardiography was employed to study the central hemodynamics. After sodium chloride load BP measurements were taken over 2 h, within the first 45 min every other 5 to 10 min. Sodium excretion with urine was measured hourly, whereas the changes in the central hemodynamics were evaluated every other 5 to 10 min. After water load BP measurements were taken for 1.5 h. Urine excretions were evaluated too. It was demonstrated that patients with labile and stable hypertension responded differently to salt and water loads. In the first case the increment of BP was similar to that seen in the controls, being measured by increases in the cardiac and stroke indices. In the second case BP rises were more prolonged and more significant than in the controls and occurred primarily at the expense of the high total peripheral resistance of the blood flow. There were two types of the response to salt load: the first one involved a rapid BP elevation (after 1 to 5 min) accompanied by the violent vegetative symptomatology and BP returning to normal after 20 to 30 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Salt and water loads and water-sodium metabolism in patients with hypertension]. 652 12

Hemodynamic measurements, arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions, and pH were determined in 13 adult, nonpregnant Holstein cows (511.3 +/- 77.3 kg) after subarachnoid injection of a 5% procaine hydrochloride solution (av dosage level of 0.162 +/- 0.026 mg/kg) at the thoracolumbar (T13-L1) intervertebral space. Segmental analgesia occurred within 8 to 12 minutes after completing the procaine HCl injection and extended between spinal cord segments T7 and L3 on both sides of the spinal column. The average duration of analgesia, as determined by the cows' responses to superficial and deep muscular pinpricks, was 35.8 +/- 8.5 minutes (25 to 60 minutes, min-max). Subarachnoid injection of procaine HCl caused a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in heart rate and significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in pulse pressure and rectal temperature. Cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular stroke work, left ventricular minute work, total peripheral resistance, arterial blood pressure, arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions, pH, oxygen transport, oxygen uptake, PCV, and total solids did not change significantly (P greater than 0.05) from base-line values. Similarly, no significant changes (P greater than 0.05) were observed in a group of 5 control cows after subarachnoid injection of sodium chloride solution (1.5 ml, 0.9%) at the T13-L1 intervertebral space. Segmental subarachnoid analgesia caused minimal circulatory disturbance and was well tolerated by adult, conscious, unsedated cows.
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PMID:Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of segmental subarachnoid analgesia in adult Holstein cows. 710 18

Haemodynamic data were obtained by means of Swan-Ganz balloon catheters in eight patients during hypertensive crisis. After obtaining control values, 150 microgram clonidine in 10 ml isotonic sodium chloride was administered intravenously over ten minutes. During the hypertensive crisis there was a moderate rise in pulmonary artery and right ventricular pressures, in addition to a rise in systemic arterial pressure. In addition there was a lower than normal cardiac index, averaging 2.2 l/min.m2, a reduced stroke volume of 49.3 ml, a markedly elevated peripheral vascular resistance of 3584 dyn.s.cm-5, and an elevated cardiac work index of 5.08 kg.m/min.m2. After clonidine administration there was a significant fall in systolic, diastolic and mean femoral artery pressures (P less than 0.005), without any significant fall in pulmonary artery and right ventricular pressures. At the same time there was a further fall in cardiac index to an average of 1.85 l/min.m3, largely due to a reduced heart rate. Stroke volume fell slightly in only two patients. Peripheral vascular resistance did not fall significantly, while cardiac work index was significantly below the control value as late as four hours after clonidine administration.
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PMID:[Clonidine in the management of hypertensive crisis (author's transl)]. 735 Nov 63


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