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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Positron emission tomography (PET) studies in stroke patients have shown that right hemisphere lesions lead to increases in ipsilateral (compared to contralateral) cortical S2-serotonin receptors, while left hemisphere lesions do not. To assess whether similar lateralized changes in cortical S2-receptors could be demonstrated in response to brain injury in the rat, [3H]spiperone (SP) autoradiography was performed 30 days after unilateral cortical suction lesions. Right lesions produced bilateral increases in total SP binding in frontal cortex (excluding the lesion site): 48% greater than after left lesions, and 23% greater than shams. Left lesions led to bilateral decreases in S2-receptors in the frontal and perirhinal cortex and these decreases were asymmetric. There was a greater decrease in the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion than in the side with the lesion. Frontal S2-receptor binding was positively correlated with running wheel activity in all animals with lesions, regardless of lesion side. These results suggest that there is a lateralized receptor and behavioral response to focal injury in rats, analogous to that previously observed in humans.
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PMID:Remote lateralized changes in cortical [3H]spiperone binding following focal frontal cortex lesions in the rat. 236 74

Frontal, central and parietal short and middle latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) arising after stimulation of the contralateral median nerve were studied in 10 normal adults. Stable SEPs were recorded: a frontal P21-N30 complex and an N20-P23-P28-N35-P42 complex in the centro-parietal region. The use of a chin reference electrode allowed identification of (the thalamic) P15 and N18. SEP studies of 20 patients with unilateral cerebral ischaemia were also performed, about 4 and 18 days after the stroke. In 13 out of 18 patients with a minor stroke (TIA, RIND and PNS) abnormalities of the frontal and/or parietal SEPs were demonstrated. Improvement in these SEPs occurred in 5 cases. In two patients who suffered from a major ischaemic deficit, the SEPs were highly abnormal and did not show any change in the course of time. SEP studies may be useful for the diagnosis of minor cerebral ischaemia as well as quantification of recovery; an even more important indication for this neurophysiological method might be detection of subclinical lesions in patients who have suffered from transient cerebral ischaemia even weeks before the SEP studies are carried out.
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PMID:Somatosensory evoked potentials in minor cerebral ischaemia: diagnostic significance and changes in serial records. 257 77

A theoretical model was developed to identify anthropometric variables relevant to success in swimming. Frontal areas, cross-sectional areas (XSA), and lengths of body segments were measured on twelve members of a men's college team using a photographic procedure. Motion-picture films were taken of the subjects competing in freestyle events and were analyzed to determine the average stroke length (SL), average stroke frequency (SF), and average stroking speed (S). Correlation and multiple regression procedures were used to determine the relationships among the anthropometric variables and SL, SF, and S, respectively. Of the 21 anthropometric variables selected with the aid of the theoretical model, 6 were found to be significantly related to one or more of the measures of swimming performance when the influence of event distance was partialled out (P less than or equal to 0.05). The anthropometric variables characterizing the subjects accounted for 89% (SL), 41% (SF), and 17% (S) of the variances in the measured characteristics of their strokes. The axilla XSA was shown to have the largest influence on both SL and SF, accounting for 57% of the variance in the SL and 24% in the SF. These results suggest that although S is little influenced by the physique of a swimmer, the combination of SL and SF used to attain a given S is very much a function of his physique.
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PMID:Relationships among anthropometric and stroking characteristics of college swimmers. 395 66

Cerebral hemispheric asymmetries were assessed in relation to motor and functional recovery in nine patients with stroke. All were globally aphasic, assuring similar location and extent of lesion. Initial motor and functional ability were appraised from medical records and compared with neurologic and functional outcome. Frontal and occipital hemispheric widths and lengths were determined from CT. Patients were classified into three groups on the basis of mean combined asymmetry for width (typical asymmetry, atypical asymmetry, and equal symmetry). Patients with the most atypical cerebral asymmetries showed greater recovery than patients in other groups. Two patients with atypical mean occipital asymmetry (width) fared best functionally, whereas the patient who showed the greatest motor recovery had the most atypical mean occipital asymmetry (width). Cerebral asymmetries may contribute to recovery after stroke.
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PMID:Cerebral hemisphere asymmetry in CT and functional recovery from hemiplegia. 668 94

The acute syndromes and CT findings are described in 26 cases of spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage. Occipital hemorrhage (11 cases) caused severe pain around the ipsilateral eye and dense hemianopia. Left temporal hemorrhage (7 cases) began with mild pain in or just anterior to the ear, fluent dysphasia with poor auditory comprehension but relatively good repetition, and a visual deficit subtending less than a hemianopia. Frontal hemorrhage (4 cases) caused a distinctive syndrome beginning with severe contralateral arm weakness, minimal leg and face weakness, and frontal headache. Parietal hemorrhage (3 cases) began with anterior temporal ("temple") headache and hemisensory deficit, sometimes involving the trunk to the midline. One patient had a right temporal hemorrhage. Spontaneous lobar hemorrhage and branch artery embolism in the same region produce similar clinical syndromes. Headache is a first and prominent symptom. A rapid but not instantaneous onset over several minutes, when combined with one of the typical syndromes, suggests lobar hemorrhage rather than other types of stroke. Ancillary investigations (including CT scanning, angiography in 11 patients, and autopsy in 4) disclosed 2 patients with bleeding diatheses due to warfarin, 2 with arteriovenous malformations, and 1 with metastatic tumor. Only 8 of the 26 patients had chronic hypertension (blood pressure greater than 130/85 mm Hg), suggesting that hypertension is not an etiological factor in most lobar hemorrhages.
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PMID:Lobar cerebral hemorrhages: acute clinical syndromes in 26 cases. 742 68

Impairments in executive functions have been related to aging and frontal lobe lesions. Aging also causes slowing of mental processing. We examined whether ischemic stroke in the frontal brain area results in dysexecutive syndrome, or whether the frontal stroke causes increased slowing of mental processing. Neurological, radiological and neuropsychological examinations were carried out 3 months post-stroke on 250 ischemic stroke patients (55-85 years) and on 39 healthy control subjects. Of the patients, 62 had frontal and 188 had nonfrontal lesions. The neuropsychological examination comprised several cognitive domains, including tests considered to measure executive functions. The frontal group was slower than the nonfrontal group in tasks measuring speed of mental processing which were time-limited (Trail Making A, Stroop dots and fluency). They were also inferior in the Digit Span backwards task. There were no differences between the groups in other cognitive domains, nor in some tests which are considered to be measures of executive functions (e.g. WCST). Impairments in executive functions were evident in both the frontal and the nonfrontal groups compared with the controls, but no dysexecutive syndrome specifically related to frontal lesions was found. Frontal stroke related mainly to the slowing of mental processing.
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PMID:Executive functions and speed of mental processing in elderly patients with frontal or nonfrontal ischemic stroke. 1052 52

As the contribution of carotid stenosis to cognitive impairment still remains unclear, neuropsychological function and soft neurological signs were examined in patients aged 65 and over. Twenty-five patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (CS) of 75% or more were compared with 25 patients with first anterior circulation stroke, 25 with peripheral vascular disease and 25 healthy controls. All patients were assessed using CAMCOG (Cambridge Cognitive Examination), tests examining frontal lobe function (Behavioural Dyscontrol Scale [BDYS], Trail-Making Tests A and B, Controlled Word Association Test) and a scale for primitive reflexes (Frontal Release Signs Scale). Patients with symptomatic CS showed greater global impairment on CAMCOG and more severe impairment in frontal lobe function than controls. Those patients scoring less than 15 on the BDYS were more likely to have experienced transient ischemic attacks (TIA) for 5 or more years. Frontal lobe dysfunction, suicidal thinking and age were all independent predictors of global cognitive impairment. Mean number of frontal release signs was higher in patients with CS than in controls, with a higher proportion of patients showing all release signs except glabellar, paratonia and snout reflexes. The study is limited by small numbers and the absence of brain imaging, but provides some evidence for an association between severe carotid stenosis and neuropsychological impairment. The presence of clinically 'silent' cerebrovascular disease affecting frontal lobe function may be missed in routine clinical practice.
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PMID:The role of carotid stenosis in vascular cognitive impairment. 1241 66

The aim of this work was to study the structure of nocturnal sleep in stroke patients with various lesion. 160 patients and 30 healthy controls were studied. In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed by CT or MRI. Clinical and neurological studies were performed and polygraph traces of nocturnal sleep (electroencephalograms, electrooculograms, electromograms) were recorded. Sleep parameters were analyzed using a program developed at the Sleep Studies Center, I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy; along with standard parameters, this program involves analysis of segmental structure of sleep. The most prominent sleep disturbances were seen in stroke in the right hemisphere. Frontal lesions cause reduction and derangement of delta-sleep, parieto-temporal stroke affects the second stage and REM-sleep and brainstem stroke in pons affects REM-sleep.
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PMID:[Structure of nocturnal sleep in patients with various locations of stroke]. 1283 May 39

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stabilisation of the wrist joint and the ad hoc wrist muscles activations during the two principal phases of the freestyle stroke. Seven male international swimmers performed a maximal semi-tethered power test. A swimming ergometer fixed on the start area of the pool was used to collect maximal power. The electromyography signal (EMG) of the right flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) and extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) was recorded with surface electrodes and processed using the integrated EMG (IEMG). Frontal and sagittal video views were digitised frame by frame to determine the wrist angle in the sagittal plane and the principal phases of the stroke (insweep, outsweep). Important stabilisation of the wrist and high antagonist muscle activity were observed during the insweep phase due to the great mechanical constraints. In outsweep, less stabilisation and lower antagonist activities were noted. Factors affecting coactivations in elementary movements, e.g. intensity and instability of the load, accuracy and economy of the movement were confirmed in complex aquatic movement.
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PMID:Wrist stabilisation and forearm muscle coactivation during freestyle swimming. 1667 29

Alien hand syndrome (AHS) is actually two distinct syndromes with distinct clinical and anatomic features, that is, a frontal type and a callosal type. Frontal AHS occurs in the dominant hand; is associated with reflexive grasping, groping, and compulsive manipulation of tools. Callosal AHS is characterized primarily by intermanual conflict. We report a case of right frontal AHS and left callosal AHS (mixed AHS) secondary to ischemic stroke of the left corpus callosum (lesion extending from the genu to splenium) and right corpus callosum (minimal lesion in the splenium) in a 67-year-old male patient who also presented with left-sided tactile extinction. To our knowledge, rare reports have documented mixed AHS coexisting with nondominant side extinction secondary only to unilateral (left) callosal lesion, as in our case.
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PMID:Mixed alien hand syndrome coexisting with left-sided extinction secondary to a left corpus callosal lesion: a case report. 1713 16


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