Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038454 (stroke)
 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 42 patients with malignant arterial hypertension (MAH) were examined. Of these, 32 patients had essential hypertension (26 with normal renal function and 6 with renal failure treated by programmed hemodialysis) and 10 suffered from chronic glomerulonephritis. The patients were examined for central hemodynamics, hormonal background (plasma renin activity) (PRA), plasma aldosterone and cortisol concentration. 14 patients underwent closed puncture biopsy of the kidneys. All the patients manifested high PRA associated activation of gluco- and mineralocorticoid adrenal function along with the hyperkinetic syndrome. MAH was characterized by dramatic discrepancy between the stroke and cardiac indices and specific peripheral resistance. Nephrosclerosis whose extent varied, attaining maximum in patients with associated essential hypertension and renal failure and in autopsy material, in addition to severe lesions of the renal vessels appeared to be the common feature of all morphological alterations. Plasmic impregnation and fibrinoid necrosis of the arterioles were not detectable in all the patients, being of focal character. The same alterations were identified in the patients during exacerbation of glomerulonephritis and in the absence of MAH. The data obtained point to the nonuniformity of MAH. Four clinicomorphological variants of MAH are suggested.
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PMID:[The malignant hypertension syndrome: incontrovertible and questionable truths]. 221 9

The clinical picture of the extrapyramid disturbances was examined in 52 patients with hypertensive disease and atherosclerosis who had suffered an ischemic cerebral stroke. In 40 cases electromyographic, and in 26 cases pathomorphological examinations were performed. The extrapyramid disturbances are demonstrated with reference to the affection of one or another vascular basin. In ischemic strokes associated with circulatory disorders in the carotid artery basin the following variants of the extrapyramid disturbances were revealed : a) contralateral extrapyramid-pyramid syndrome; b) homolateral extrapyramid syndrome; c) hyperkinetic syndrome. In ischemic strokes due to circulatory disorders in the vertebrobasilar basin the disturbances revealed were: extrapyramid-pyramid-pseudobulbar syndrome (a variant of Filimonov's syndrome) and akinetic rigidity syndrome. The results of the above clinico-physiological examinations were compared with pathoanatomical findings. This comparison has made it possible to expand to a certain extent and concepts about the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the complicate clinical picture of the extrapyramid disturbances developed in ischemic cerebral stroke.
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PMID:[Extrapyramidal disorders in ischemic strokes]. 734 Mar 15

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain has been used to define functional abnormalities in two groups of childhood behavior disorders: (1) a "primary" category in which there is exclusive or predominant presentation with cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction and (2) encephalopathies, often defined etiologically at the biochemical or molecular level, in which clinical expression includes, but is not confined to, neural dysfunction. Radiopharmaceuticals available for such studies are manifold, but those used to date have been predominantly perfusion agents, eg, Xenon-133 (133Xe) and technetium-99m (99mTc) hexamethylpropylene amine oxime, and studies with [99mTc]bicisate are eagerly awaited. Xenon-133 studies require that the patient be in the field of view of the detector while the tracer is administered. This renders it difficult for a subject to perform cognitive and other exercises while being imaged, because the environment is quite foreign. On the other hand, the 99mTc-labeled perfusion agents permit a scintigraphic "snapshot" of regional cerebral blood flow during a behavioral event without having to have the patient under the imaging instrument. Thus, one can separate the administration of the radiotracer, which can be done under more controlled and physiological conditions, from the actual imaging. In addition, greater spatial resolution is achieved with the technetium-based agents. Currently, multidetector or dedicated annular crystal-type cameras are the preferred brain SPECT devices, and they are essential to applications such as cortical "activation mapping" or tomographic detection of receptor systems. Close attention to technical detail and standardization of the child's behavioral environment during the investigation are critical to a successful study. The relative advantages and disadvantages of qualitative versus semiquantitative analysis of imaging date are reviewed. Among primary behavioral disorders, 133Xe SPECT studies in attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD) have suggested a pattern of hypoperfusion of striatal and periventricular structures with sensorimotor cortical hyperperfusion. This pattern is consistent with some neurophysiological models of the disorder. In cerebral palsy, perfusional abnormalities have paralleled clinical deficits and may offer information to help predict outcome. The important field of childhood affective disorders (schizophrenia, juvenile autism, depression, etc) remains largely unstudied with SPECT. Finally, representative examples of the use of SPECT to study perfusion in encephalopathies with behavioral expression (phenylketonuria, MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) syndrome, Wilson's disease, etc) are given.
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PMID:Brain single-photon emission computed tomography for behavior disorders in children. 837 98

The ability to study regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is available in many institutions, especially with the spread of multi-headed gamma cameras. The use of this technique in paediatrics requires special attention to detail in the manner of data acquisition and handling the child. The interpretation of the rCBF study in a child requires knowledge of normal brain maturation. The major clinical use in paediatrics is epilepsy because of the advances in surgery and the frequency of complex partial seizures. Other indications in paediatric neurology include brain death, acute neurological loss including stroke, language disorders, cerebral palsy, hypertension due to renovascular disease, traumatic brain injury and migraine. There are paediatric psychological conditions in which rCBF assessment has been undertaken, including anorexia nervosa, autism, Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) and attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD). This article attempts to review all aspects of rCBF studies in paediatrics.
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PMID:Cerebral blood flow imaging in paediatrics: a review. 900 97

Radioisotope brain imaging has focused mainly on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). However the use of ligands which go to specific receptor sites is being introduced in paediatrics, mainly psychiatry. rCBF is potentially available in many institutions, especially with the availability of multi-headed gamma cameras. The use of this technique in paediatrics requires special attention to detail in the manner of data acquisition and handling the child. The interpretation of the rCBF study in a child requires knowledge of normal brain maturation. The major clinical use in paediatrics is epilepsy because of the advances in surgery and the frequency of complex partial seizures. Other indications in paediatric neurology include brain death, acute neurological loss including stroke, language disorders, cerebral palsy, hypertension due to renovascular disease, traumatic brain injury and migraine. There are paediatric psychological conditions in which rCBF has been undertaken, these include anorexia nervosa, autism, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD). Research using different ligands to specific receptor sites will also be reviewed in paediatrics.
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PMID:Cerebral imaging in paediatrics. 969 65

Two patients with a hyperkinetic syndrome contralateral to acute hemiplegia are presented. One patient showed a right-sided hemiplegia associated with abnormal movements of the left upper limb. In the other patient hemiplegia was localised on the left side while abnormal movements involved the right lower limb. Brain imaging showed acute infarctions (respectively left middle cerebral artery area and right lacunar infarctions) associated with a pre-existing contralateral infarction involving anterior non-primary motor areas. Hyperkinetic syndromes in stroke are mainly related to acute lesion of the contralateral subcortical areas. In our patients, the acute lesions were located ipsilateral to the hyperkinetic body part while the pre-existing lesions were located contralateral to the hyperkinetic side. We speculated that these pre-existing lesions might play a role in the pathophysiology of this clinical syndrome.
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PMID:Hyperkinesia contralateral to acute hemiplegia: relevance of previous frontal lesions. 1069 92

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the role of nicotine in impairment of spontaneous alternation behavior of juvenile stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Spontaneous alternation behavior assessed by a Y-maze task was significantly lower, and total arm entries were significantly higher in SHRSP than in genetic control Wistar-Kyoto rats. Nicotine (0.1-1 mg/kg, s.c.) dose dependently improved the spontaneous alternation deficit without affecting total arm entries in SHRSP. Nicotine-induced (1 mg/kg, s.c.) improvement was significantly abolished by the centrally acting nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist mecamylamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), but not by peripherally acting hexamethonium (5 mg/kg, i.p.), suggesting that nicotine-induced improvement is mediated via central nAChR. The alpha4beta2 nAChR antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine (3-10 mg/kg, i.p.) dose dependently counteracted nicotine-induced improvement of spontaneous alternation in SHRSP, whereas the alpha7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (3-10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. In addition, the alpha4beta2 nAChR agonist RJR-2403 (N-methyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine; 1-10 mg/kg, s.c.) dose dependently and significantly improved the spontaneous alternation deficit. These findings revealed that nicotine improved spontaneous alternation behavior in SHRSP via the activation of alpha4beta2, but not alpha7, nAChR. Thus, the alpha4beta2 nAChR mechanism might be responsible for the spontaneous alternation deficit in juvenile SHRSP, an animal model of ADHD. This evidence indicates the possibility that selective alpha4beta2 nAChR agonists might be useful for treating attentional dysfunction in ADHD.
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PMID:Alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation ameliorates impairment of spontaneous alternation behavior in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 1206 5

The term "tourettism" has been used to describe Tourette syndrome (TS)-like symptoms secondary to some specific cause. Tics associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or both, are commonly present in TS, but this constellation of symptoms has been rarely attributed to stroke. We describe two boys who suffered a subcortical stroke and subsequently developed hemidystonia, tics, and behavioral comorbidities. Both had right hemispheric stroke involving the basal ganglia at 8 years of age, and in both the latency from the stroke to the onset of left hemidystonia was 2 weeks. In addition to ADHD and OCD, both exhibited cranial-cervical motor tics but no phonic tics. The temporal relationship between the stroke and subsequent TS-like symptoms, as well as the absence of phonic tics and family history of TS symptoms in our patients, argues in favor of a cause and effect relationship, and the observed association provides evidence for an anatomic substrate for TS and related symptoms.
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PMID:Tourettism and dystonia after subcortical stroke. 1221 Aug 84

The present study was undertaken to evaluate juvenile stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) as an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Juvenile SHRSP showed significant increases in horizontal ambulatory activity and vertical rearing activity in the open field as compared with genetic control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Anxiety-related behavior assessed by elevated plus-maze as an index of impulsivity, the entries into open arms and the spent time in the open arms of SHRSP were significantly higher than those of WKY. Spontaneous alternation behavior requiring attention and working memory in the Y-maze was significantly impaired in male, but not female, SHRSP when compared with sex-matched WKY. Hippocampal long-term potentiation formation, a cellular model of learning and memory, was not impaired in SHRSP. Methylphenidate, a first choice psychostimulant for AD/HD, significantly alleviated the hyperactivity in SHRSP. However, intense impulsivity of SHRSP was not improved by methylphenidate. Methylphenidate dose-dependently and significantly ameliorated the impaired spontaneous alteration behavior in male SHRSP. These results suggest that juvenile male SHRSP manifest problematic behavior resembling ADHD, namely inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Methylphenidate alleviates the behavioral symptoms of hyperactivity and inattention. Thus, juvenile male SHRSP might be a useful behavioral animal model of AD/HD, from behavioral and pharmacological perspectives.
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PMID:[Behavioral and pharmacological studies of juvenile stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats as an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]. 1269 Jun 41

We investigated the frequency and neurocognitive correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and traits of this disorder (ADHD/Traits) after childhood stroke and orthopedic diagnosis in medical controls. Twenty-nine children with focal stroke lesions and individually matched children with clubfoot or scoliosis were studied with standardized psychiatric, intellectual, academic, adaptive, executive, and motivation function assessments. Lifetime ADHD/Traits were significantly more common in stroke participants with no prestroke ADHD than in orthopedic controls (16/28 vs. 7/29; Fisher's Exact p < .02). Lifetime ADHD/Traits in the orthopedic controls occurred exclusively in males with clubfoot (7/13; 54%). Participants with current ADHD/Traits functioned significantly worse (p < .005) than participants without current ADHD/Traits on all outcome measures. Within the stroke group, current ADHD/Traits was associated with significantly lower verbal IQ and arithmetic achievement (p < .04), more nonperseverative errors (p < .005), and lower motivation (p < .004). A principal components analysis of selected outcome variables significantly associated with current ADHD/Traits revealed "impaired neurocognition" and "inattention-apathy" factors. The latter factor was a more consistent predictor of current ADHD/Traits in regression analyses. These findings suggest that inattention and apathy are core features of ADHD/Traits after childhood stroke. This association may provide clues towards the understanding of mechanisms underlying the syndrome.
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PMID:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and neurocognitive correlates after childhood stroke. 1463 40


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