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 147,016 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The case of a 56-year-old man with sudden onset of retrobulbar headache and progressive loss of vision in his left eye is described. The anatomical position of the chiasm noted during surgical resection of a necrotic pituitary adenoma accounted for this patient's presentation of monocular blindness. We discuss the typical features of pituitary apoplexy and provide a pathophysiological explanation of these signs and symptoms. A differential diagnosis is given and appropriate treatment is described.
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PMID:Pituitary apoplexy presenting as monocular blindness. 261 Jul 64

Coexistent diabetes and hypertension affect an estimated 2.5 million persons in the United States. Hypertension occurs approximately twice as frequently in persons with diabetes as without and contributes to most of the chronic complications of diabetes, including coronary artery disease, stroke, lower extremity amputations, renal failure and, perhaps, to diabetic retinopathy and blindness. The proportions of complications in the diabetic population attributable to hypertension range from 35 to 75 percent. Hypertension in the diabetic population increases with age and is particularly associated with obesity and nephropathy. Limited data suggest the control of hypertension in the diabetic population may be better than in the general population, perhaps due to greater contact that persons with diabetes have with the health care system. Yet, in approximately half, hypertension is not controlled. Control strategies for hypertension in the diabetic population must take into account the higher frequency of hypertension, increased risks for adverse sequelae from the coexistent conditions, more complicated clinical management, and the greater contact with the health care system experienced by persons with diabetes. Community programs to improve hypertension control in the diabetic population may target a subset of the diabetic population and should tailor strategies to meet the needs of the target population. Hypertension control in the diabetic population must be addressed at multiple levels in the health care system, including improved detection, evaluation, and treatment of hypertension; improved adherence to antihypertensive therapy and long-term followup; provision of quality professional education and patient education and support; and systematic health care monitoring and program evaluation. Hypertension control should be emphasized in all comprehensive diabetes control programs.The treatment and control of hypertension may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population.
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PMID:The control of hypertension in persons with diabetes: a public health approach. 311 83

Two patients with visual agnosia underwent visual recognition and neuropsychological tests to characterize their perceptual functioning. Both had an initial "apperceptive profile" and evolved from cortical blindness. One had carbon monoxide intoxication and incidental agenesis of the splenium of the corpus callosum; the other had the clinical features of MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like syndrome). The agnosia profile showed impaired object recognition but adequate visual matching and copying of unrecognized items. The patients were successful on form discrimination, mental rotation, and visuospatial skills, but did poorly on figure-ground discrimination, visual integration, facial discrimination, and constructional tasks. Their performances were characterized by slow, serial analysis of visual features and a decreased useful field of view. The pattern of results suggests a form of visual agnosia caused by disturbances of parallel distributed processing.
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PMID:Visuoperceptual function in visual agnosia. 318 10

Amaurosis fugax, or transient monocular blindness, was first associated with carotid bifurcation disease in 1951. Although amaurosis fugax is often considered by vascular surgeons to be premonitory for cerebral stroke, recent studies indicate that this disease process may be more benign than previously thought. A total of 97 patients presented with amaurosis fugax to our vascular laboratory from November 1983 to January 1988. There were 81 males and 16 females, mean age 67.2 years. The common, internal and external carotid arteries were imaged in standard longitudinal and cross-sectional views. Repeat scans were performed at six months and 12 months after the first visit, then yearly thereafter. Out study confirms the correlation between heterogeneous, complex carotid plaques and the development of amaurosis fugax. Endarterectomy can safely be performed in this group of patients, preventing further symptoms or development of stroke. We advocate duplex scanning to assess the carotid bifurcation and allow non-invasive follow-up of disease progression.
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PMID:Amaurosis fugax: the importance of carotid plaque morphology. 324 77

Prior to the antibiotic (AB) era, cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) was almost uniformly fatal. AB therapy has significantly reduced mortality, but additional treatment with anticoagulants (AC) has remained controversial. We reviewed our experience with seven cases, as well as the literature since Lyons' 1941 introduction of AC treatment, to determine effectiveness, complications, and morbidity among survivors. We divided the cases into (1) those treated with AB alone, and (2) those treated with a combination of AB and AC. We found no conclusive evidence for reduction of mortality when AC was used in combination with AB. However, early AC therapy reduced morbidity (blindness, stroke, ophthalmoplegia, hypopituitarism, focal seizures, and vascular steal syndrome), whereas delayed or inadequate use provided no apparent benefit above AB therapy alone. Complications of AC therapy were rare; cerebral venous thrombosis occurred frequently, but in association with dural sinus thrombosis as a direct result of the disease. We conclude that AC therapy is indicated early in the treatment of CST to reduce morbidity among survivors.
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PMID:The role of anticoagulation in cavernous sinus thrombosis. 328 Oct 56

During the period 1973-1983, 1,014 patients with end stage renal failure received a kidney graft at the Helsinki University Central Hospital. As a consequence of diabetic nephropathy, 163 of them (16%) developed renal failure. Ten diabetic (6%) and 72 non-diabetic (9%) patients received grafts from a living donor. One-year patient survival did not differ between diabetic and non-diabetic patients (76% and 79%, respectively). From the second post-transplant year onwards patient survival was worse in diabetic than in non-diabetic patients. The two groups did not differ with respect to graft survival. Sixty-two diabetic patients (38%) died during the follow-up period, with myocardial infarction as the most common cause of death (31%), followed by infection (15%) and cerebral stroke (13%). Seven myocardial infarctions out of 19 occurred within three months of transplantation. However, significantly more fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarctions were observed in post-transplant patients who had returned to dialysis therapy than in patients with a functioning kidney graft. Blindness did not influence the outcome of transplantation. Nor did the transplantation significantly affect the course of this diabetic complication. In conclusion, although the early success rate of kidney transplantation in our study population was acceptable, the later outcome was poor, mainly due to advanced disease-related complications.
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PMID:Outcome of patients with diabetic nephropathy after kidney transplantation. 332 21

In a collaborative prospective study from two institutions, we reviewed the clinical course of 969 consecutive patients who had 1200 carotid endarterectomies (CEs) for the treatment of occlusive arterial disease during the period 1977 to 1987. The indications for CE comprised transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in 581 cases (48.4%), cerebral infarction (CI) in 170 (14.2%), monocular blindness in 166 (13.8%), and asymptomatic stenosis in 283 (23.6%). Neurologic monitoring of the awake patient provided more reliable indication of the need for brain protection during operative arterial clamping than did electroencephalography or carotid stump pressure measurement. Of the 1200 cases, 113 (9%) required a shunt as determined by this method. Patients with contralateral carotid occlusion or severe stenosis required shunting six times more frequently than those with a unilateral lesion. Among all procedures, there were nine cases of transient neurologic deficit (0.9%), 11 cases of permanent neurologic deficit (0.9%), and eight deaths (0.67%). Among 283 CEs performed to treat asymptomatic lesions, no strokes and only one death (0.4%) occurred. One hundred sixty-six cases with amaurosis fugax were operated on without stroke or death. In the age group of 70 to 90 years, 508 procedures were carried out with four deaths (0.8%) and three strokes (0.6%). We conclude that CE performed with the patient under local anesthesia is safe and effective and permits satisfactory management of old and high-risk patients.
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PMID:Carotid endarterectomy with local anesthesia: results and advantages. 333 69

The study of the relation between behavior, cerebral blood flow, and metabolism in animal models of cerebral ischemia has gained interest in the last 10 years. The most suitable models are those with the fewest side effects. One-sided blindness caused by decompression of the eye and coagulation of the optic nerve has been an inevitable side effect of transorbital occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The postorbital technique is a new surgical approach to the middle cerebral artery that leaves the intraorbital structures intact. After resection of the postorbital processes and gentle retraction of the eye, the optic foramen is approached with the help of an operating microscope. This approach is possible because cats have no lateral bony orbital wall. A subperiostal approach to the optic foramen is made, after which the optic foramen is enlarged. Opening of the dura gives access to the middle cerebral artery in the same way as the transorbital approach. In this way, occlusion of the middle cerebral artery is possible with minimal impairment of vision.
Stroke 1988 Apr
PMID:The postorbital approach to the middle cerebral artery in cats. 336 79

MELAS is a distinctive syndrome manifested by mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and recurrent stroke-like episodes such as seizures, alternating hemiparesis, hemianopsia, or cortical blindness. Pathologically the disorder is characterized by multiple, solitary or continuous foci of necrosis (infarct or softening), varying in size and stage, predominantly involving the bilateral cerebral cortices and to a lesser degree cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, brainstem and cereblum. The distribution of the lesions does not correspond to vascular territories, suggesting that they are not due to usual thrombotic or embolic process. The exact nature and pathogenesis of these lesions with characteristic distribution pattern remain to be elucidated. We studied systematically cerebral blood vessels from two autopsied patients with MELAS by electron microscopy. All the main cerebral arteries including anterior, middle and posterior cerebral, basilar and vertebral arteries were examined at their proximal portions at the cerebral base and at their peripheral portions at the cortical surface as well as within brain parenchyma. We found marked accumulation of mitochondria in the cell bodies of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells and numerous smooth muscle cells showing degeneration or necrosis, sporadically or in clusters in the tunica media. These abnormalities were most prominent in the walls of pial arterioles and small arteries up to 250 mu in diameter, and less frequent and severe in the larger pial arteries and intracerebral arterioles and small arteries. These vascular changes are different from any of those described in various disorders known to involve the cerebral blood vessels and are thus characteristic to the cerebral blood vessels of MELAS. We think that these peculiar vascular changes called mitochondrial angiopathy are caused by primary mitochondrial dysfunction in the vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells themselves, as is the same in the skeletal and cardiac muscles in this disease, and that they constitute the pathogenic base of the brain lesions with unusual distribution pattern and nature in MELAS.
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PMID:[Mitochondrial angiopathy in the cerebral blood vessels of MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes)]. 337 Jan 63

From a telephone survey of the health status of a random sample of the general population of Utah, we identified 255 people with adult onset diabetes. We compared them to 622 non-diabetic controls, matched for age, sex, and urban/rural country of residence. We examined diabetes as a risk factor for heart diseases, stroke, and blindness and its interaction with other known risk factors. Diabetes interacted with smoking history so as to increase the risk of stroke, heart disease, and blindness. Diabetes also interacted with hypertension in their effect on the prevalence of blindness and, to a small extent, heart disease. Among the diabetics, duration of diabetes was associated with macrovascular and microvascular complications developing after the diagnosis of diabetes. Those with longer duration of disease showed an increase in risk for microvascular (kidney disease, blindness) and macrovascular (heart disease, stroke, amputations) complications. Although the estimates were imprecise, the effect of duration on macrovascular complications was greater among diabetics with a history of hypertension; the effect on microvascular complications was greater among smokers. The findings are compared to previous studies and the utility of diabetes prevalence data is discussed.
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PMID:Diabetes in Utah among adults: interaction between diabetes and other risk factors for microvascular and macrovascular complications. 340 19


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